ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ON PERFORMANCE OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI CITY COUNTY

Patrick Nderitu Wanjiru

Abstract


Knowledge management has been studied in many contexts especially in entrepreneurship and corporate sectors. However scanty research has been done on knowledge management in social enterprises especially in Kenya.  Social entrepreneurship has an economic and social mission that may complicate its knowledge management practices.

This research investigated the role of knowledge management on performance of social enterprises in Kenya. The first specific objective was to find out the role of organizational knowledge needs identification on performance of social enterprises in Kenya. The second objective was to establish the role of knowledge acquisition practices on performance of social enterprises in Kenya. The third specific objective was to establish the role of knowledge protection practices on performance of social enterprises in Kenya. The final objective was to establish the role of knowledge sharing on performance of the same organizations in Kenya.

Twelve social enterprises in Nairobi with knowledge management practices were selected for the study. A sample of 90 individuals was to be interviewed from the 12 organizations. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview guides and review organizations’ document. Data was analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data was analyzed by descriptive statistics using computer program SPSS version 21.0 and presented in form of tables, pie charts and graphs. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data.

 

Key Words: Knowledge Management, Social Enterprises


Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmed, A., Ghoneim, S. and Kim, R. (2009). Knowledge management as an enabler of change and innovation in Africa. International Journal of Technology Management , Vol. 45.

Aiuah, A., & Tucci, C. L. (2012). Crowd sourcing as a solution to distant search. Academy of Management Review, 37, 355-375.

Alexy, O., Criscuolo, P., & Ammon, S. (2012). Managing unsolicited ideas for R&D. California Management Review. 54{3, 116-139.

Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C., and Soane, E.C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 330– 351.

An, J. Y., Yom, Y. H., & Ruggiero, J. S. (2011). Organizational culture, quality of work life, and organizational effectiveness in Korean university hospitals. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 22(1), 22-30.

Armstrong, M. (Ed.). (2003). A handbook of human resource management practice 9th ed. London: Kogan Press.

Arthur, L. Keenoy, T. ScottCato, M. & Smith, R. (2007). Where is the ‘social’ in social enterprise? Paper presented at the Third Annual Social Enterprise Conference, London South Bank University.

Ashoka Official Website. (2005). What is social entrepreneurship June 14, 2014, from http://www.ashoka.org

Banerjee, S. (2010). Knowledge management: trends and practices in some selected banking, financial and insurance organizations. The GBS Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 .

Birkinshaw, J., Hamel, G.K. & Mol, M.J. (2008). Management innovation. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 33 No. 4, 825-45.

Biswas, S., Varma, A., and Ramaswami, A. (2012). Linking distributive and procedural justice to employee engagement through social exchange: a field study in India. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 1570.–1587.

Bloom, P. N., & Chatterji, A. K. (2009). Scaling social entrepreneurial impact. California management review, 51(3), 114-133.

Bloom, P. N., & Smith, B. R. (2010). Identifying the drivers of social entrepreneurial impact: theoretical development and an exploratory empirical test of SCALERS. Journal of social entrepreneurship,1(1), 126-145.

Bornstein, D. (2004). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brouard, F. and Larivet, S. (2010). Essay of clarifications and definitions of the related concepts of social enterprise, social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship. in Fayolle, A. and Matlay, H. (ed.). (2010). Handbook of Research on Social Entrepreneurship.Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Burns, A.C. and Bush, R.F. (2010). Marketing research 6th Edition. New York: Pearson education, Inc.

Burstein, F., Sohal, S., Zyngier, S. and Sohal, A. (2010). Understanding of knowledge management roles and responsibilities: a study in the Australian context. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 8, 76- 88.

Certo, S. T. and Miller, T. (2008). Social Entrepreneurship: Key issues and concepts. Business Horizons, Vol. 51, No. 4, 267-271.

Child, J. and McGrath, R. (2001). Organizations unfettered: Organizational forms in an information-intensive economy. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (6), 1135- 1148.

Clarkson, G., & Toh, P. K. (2010). "Keep out" signs: The role of deterrence in the competition for resources. Strategic Management Journal 31, 1202-1225.

Cohen, W. and Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (1), 128-152.

Conway, E., and Monks, K. (2009). Unravelling the complexities of high commitment: An employee-level analysis. Human Resource Management Journal, 19, 140–158.

Cooper, D.R and Schindler, P.S (2003). Business Research Methods (8th ed). McGraw-Hill: New York.

Christian, M.S., Garza, A.S., and Slaughter, J.E. (2011). Work engagement. A quantitative review and test of its relation with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64, 89–136.

Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T., & Matear, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Why we don’t need a new theory and how we move forward from here. Academy of management perspectives, 24(3), 37-57.

Davenport, T.H. & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Dawson, C. (2002). Practical research methods: A user friendly guide to mastering research. Oxford: Cromwell Press.

Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2009). Conceptions of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and divergences. Paper presented at the second EMES International Conference on Social Enterprise, Trento, Italy.

Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2011). Conceptions of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: convergences and divergences. Journal of social entrepreneurship, 1(1), 32-53.

De Man, A.-P. (Ed.). (2008). Knowledge Management and Innovation in Networks. Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. New York: New York publishers.

Drucker, P. (1954). The practice of management. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.

Eckhardt, J., & Shane, S. (2003). Opportunities and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management 29(3), 333–349.

Esty, D.C. and Winston, A.S. (2009). Green to Gold. Hoboken, New Jersy: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Ferguson, J.E., Mchombu, K. and Cummings, S., (2008). Management of knowledge for development: meta-review and scoping study. IKM Working Paper No. 1, March 2008, 45.

Francis, H.M., Ramdhony, A., Reddington, M., and Staines, H. (2013). Opening spaces for conversational practice: A conduit for effective engagement strategies and productive working arrangements. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 2713–2740.

Fritsch, M., Brixy, U., & Falck, O. (2006). The effect of industry, region, and time on new business survival–A multi-dimensional analysis. Review of Industrial Organization, 28 (3), 285-306.

Garavan,T., Hogan, C. and Cahir, O.( 2009). Developing managers and leaders: perspectives, debates and practices in Ireland. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.

Gardner, D.G. (2009). Employee focus of attention and reaction to organizational change. The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 23(3), 11- 288.

Gaur, D., & Gauri S. (2009). Knowledge stories that guide organizations into the future. Bizcraft, Vol.3 No.2, Mar. 09 – Sept. 09.

Gibbs, D. (2009). Sustainability entrepreneurs, ecopreneurs and the development of a n, sustainable economy. Greener management nternational. No. 55, Winter 2009.

Gitau, S., Plantinga, P. and Diga, K. (2010). Re- search by Africans: Origins, interests, and impact. Draft manuscript presented at ICTD 2010 Conference, London.

Guest, D.E. (2013). Employee engagement: fashionable fad or long-term fixture? in Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice, eds. C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, and E.C. Soane, London: Routledge.

Gupta, P., Mehrotra, D. and Singh, R. 2012. Achieving excellence through knowledge mapping in higher education institution. IJCA proceedings on international conference on recent advances and future trends in information technology (iRAFIT 2012).

Hackman, J. R., & Katz, N. 2010. Group behavior and performance. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (5th ed.): 1208-1251. New York: Wiley.

Hakanen, J.J., and Schaufeli, W.B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 415–424.

Halbesleben, J.R.B. (2011). The consequences of engagement: the good, the bad and the ugly. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 20, 68–73.

Halford, S., and Strangleman, T. (2009). In search of the sociology of work: past, present and future. Sociology, 43, 811–82.

Hall, J.K., Daneke, G.A. and Lenox, M.J. (2010). Sustainable development and entrepreneurship: past contributions and future directions; Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 25, No. 5, 439-448.

Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D., Mosakowski, E., & Earley, P. C. (2010). A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset. Journal of business venturing, 25, 217-229.

Henkel, J., & Baldwin, C. Y. (2011). Modularity for value appropriation: Drawing the boundaries of intellectual property. Finance Working Paper no. 11-054, Harvard Busi- ness School, Boston.

Henry, E. A. (2011). Is the influence of organizational culture on organizational effectiveness universal? An examination of the relationship in the electronic media (radio) service sector in the English speaking Caribbean. Unpublished PhD theses. University of Mississippi.

Herman, Robert D., and David O. Renz. 1999. Multiple constituencies and the social construction of nonprofit organization effectiveness. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 26(2),185-206.

Hinds, P.J. and Pfeffer, J. (2002). Why organizations don't “know what they know - cognitive and motivational factors affecting the transfer of expertise. In M. Ackerman, V. Pipek & V. Wulf (Eds.), Sharing Expertise: Beyond Knowledge Management, Cambridge: MIT Press.

Holsapple, C.W. and Wu, J. (2011). An elusive antecedent of superior firm performance: The knowledge management factor, Decision Support Systems, 2011(52).

Huckman, R. S., & Staats, B. R. (2011). Fluid tasks and fluid teams: The impact of diversity in experience and team familiarity on team performance. Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 13, 310-328.

Irechu,K., and Nkechi E. (2010). School management positions and women empowerment: a Rwandan case. International Journal of Business and Management, Kigali Institute of Management, Kigali, Rwanda, Vol, 5.

Jenkins, S., and Delbridge, R. (2013). Context matters: examining “soft” and “hard” approaches to employee engagement in two workplaces. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 2670–2691.

Jennex, M.E. and Olfman, L. (2004). Assessing knowledge management success/effectiveness models. Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Jan, Hawaii.

Kahn, W.A., and Heaphy, E.D. (2013). Relational contexts of personal engagement at work, in Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice, eds. C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, and E.C. Soane, London: Routledge.

Karagoz, S., & Oz, E. (2008). Organizational effectiveness in higher education; measures, measurement and evaluation. Paper presented at the EABR & TLC Conferences Proceedings, Rothenburg, Germany.

Keenoy, T. (2013). Engagement: A murmuration of objects. in Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice, eds. C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, and E.C. Soane, London: Routledge.

Kelliher, C., Hope-Hailey, V., and Farndale, E. (2013). Employee engagement in multinational organisations. in Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice, eds. C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, and E.C. Soane, London: Routledge.

Kinman, G. (2009). Pressure points: A survey into the causes and consequences of occupational stress in United Kingdom academic and related staff. London: Association of University Teachers.

Kirkwood, J., & Walton, S. (2010). How ecopreneurs’ green values affect their international engagement in supply chain management. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Vol. 8, No. 2, 200-217.

Kong, E. (2008).The development of strategic management in the nonprofit context: intellectual capital in social service nonprofit organizations. International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 10 No. 3, 281-99.

Kooij-de Bode, H. J. M., van Knippenherg, D., & van Ginkel, W. P. (2010). Good effects of bad feelings: Negative affectivity and group decision-making. Rritish Joumal of Management, 21, 375-392.

Kristoffersen, L., and Singh, S. (2004). Successful application of a customer relationship management program in a nonprofit organization, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 12 No. 2, 28-42.

Kumar S. A., (2010). Impact of the HRM Practices and organization culture on managerial effectiveness in public sector organizations in India. Delhi: India.

Lam,T.K.Y.(2009).A knowledge cafe: The intangibles of project management. Paper presented at PMI 2009 Asia World Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Lejeune, C., & Vas, A. (2009). Organizational culture and effectiveness in business schools: A test of the accreditation impact. Journal of Management Development, 28(8).

Leonard D and Swap W. (1999). Sparks fly: igniting creativity in groups: Havard: Harvard Business School Press.

Lewis, K., Lange, D., & Gillis, L. (2005). Transactive memory systems, learning, and learning transfer. Organization Science, 16, 581-598.

Locke, E. (2009). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Journal Of Industrial And Organisational Psychology, 4 (6), 230–235).

Lombardo, E., Meier, P., and Verloo, M. (2010). Discursive dynamics in gender equality politics: what about “feminist taboos. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 17, 105– 123.

MacCormack, A. D., & Herman, K. (2004). Intel research: Exploring the future. Case No. 9- 805- 051. Boston: Harvard Business School Case Services.

MacLeod, D., and Clarke, N. (2009). Engaging for success: enhancing performance through employee engagement, London: Office of Public Sector Information.

Mahnke, V., Venzin, M., & Zahra, S. (2007). Governing entrepreneurial opportunity recognition in MNEs: Aligning interests and cognition under uncertainty. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1278–1298.

Mahoney, Y. T., and J. R. Pandian. (1992). The resource based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13 (5), 363–80.

Marr, B. and Roos, G. (2005). A strategy perspective on intellectual capital, in Marr, B. (Ed.).Perspectives on Intellectual Capital: Multi-disciplinary Insights into Management, Measurement, and Reporting. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann: Amsterdam.

Maybury, M.T. (2006). Expert finding systems. mitre technical report. Retrieved June 10, 2014, from http://www.mitre.org/work/tech_papers/tech_papers_06/06_1115/06_1115.pdf

McCann, J. (2004). Organizational effectiveness: Changing concepts for changing environments. Human Resource Planning, 27(1).

Minonne, C. (2007a). Towards an integrative approach for managing implicit and explicit knowledge: an exploratory study in Switzerland, Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Australia, Adelaide.

Mordaunt J. 2005. The challenges of innovation. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, Vol 16, No 2, Winter.

Mugenda, O.M and Mugenda, A.G (2003). Research Methods, Quantitive & Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.

Murphy, P., & Coombes, S. (2009). A model of social entrepreneurial discovery. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(3), 325–336.

Ndubisi, N., & Sumesh R., N. (2009). Green entrepreneurship (ge) and green value added (gva): a conceptual framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 13.

Neves, P. (2009). Readiness for change: contributions for employee’s level of individual change and turnover intentions. Journal of Change Management, 9 (2), 215-231.

Nevo, D., Benbasat, I. and Wand, Y. 2009. Who knows what? MIT Sloan Management Review. Retrieved June 10, 2014, from http://sloanreview.mit.edu/executive- adviser/articles/2009/4/5147/who-knows-what/

Nevo, D., Benbasat, I. and Wand, Y. 2012. The knowledge demands of expertise seekers in two different contexts: Knowledge allocation versus knowledge retrieval. Decision Support Systems, 2012(53), 482- 489.

Ngechu. (2004). Understanding the research process and methods. An introduction to research methods. Nairobi: Acts Press.

Nicholls A. 2010. The legitimacy of social entrepreneurship: Reflexive isomorphism in a pre- paradigmatic field. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 34(4), 611–633.

Nicholls, A. (2006). Playing the field: A new approach to the meaning of social entrepreneurship. Social Enterprise Journal, 2(1), 1–5.

Nissen, M.E. (2002). An extended model of knowledge-flow dynamics. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 251–266.

Nonaka, I. And Takeuchi, H. (1995).The knowledge creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. 1995. The Knowledge-Creating Company. New York: Oxford University Press.

Orengo Castellá, V., Zornoza Abad, A. M., Prieto Alonso, F., & Peiró Silla, J. M. (2013). The influence of familiarity among group members, group atmosphere and assertiveness on uninhibited behavior through three different communication media. Computers in Hu- man Behavior, 16, 141-159.

Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. (2007). Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 174–192.

Pacheco-de-Almeida, G., & E Zemsky, P. B. (2012). Some like it free: Innovators' strategic use of disclosure to slow down competition. Strategic Management Journal. 33, 773- 793.

Parker, S., and Griffin, M. (2011). Understanding active psychological states: embedding engagement in a wider nomological net and closer attention to performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20, 60–67.

Pathak, Deepti (2009). Knowledge management: managing knowledge workers across different stages of employment. HRM Review, October 2009.

Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. New York: John Willey and Sons.

Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal knowledge: towards a post-critical philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Pomerantz, M. (2003).The business of social entrepreneurship in a down economy. In Business, Vol. 25 No. 2, 25-38.

Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R. (2006). Strategy and society: the link between competitive m advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 84 No. 12, 78-92.

Puranam, P., Singh, H., & Chaudhuri, S. (2009). Integrating acquired capabilities: When structural integration is (un)necessary. Organization Science, 20, 313-328.

Purcell, J. (2013). Employee voice and engagement. in Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice, eds. C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, and E.C. Soane, London: Routledge.

Riege, A. (2005). Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 18-35.

Robertson, S. (2002). A tale of two knowledge-sharing systems. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(3), 295-308.

Robinson, N.P. and Ensign, P.C. (2009). Effective stakeholder knowledge sharing for effective organizational memory. In J.P. Girard (Ed.), Building Organizational Memories: Will You Know What You Knew? USA Information Science Reference.

Rothmann, S. (2013). Employee engagement in a cultural context. London: Routledge.

Sanchez, R. (2005). Knowledge management and organizational learning: fundamental concepts for theory and practice. Working paper, Lund Institute of Economic Research.

Sankarasubramanian,S.(2009). Knowledge management meet project management. Paper presented at PMI 2009 Asia World Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Sauer, C., & Reich, B. H. (2009). Rethinking IT project management: Evidence of a new mindset and its implications. International Journal of Project Management, 27, 182–193.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thrornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. 5th Edition. New York: Pearson Education.

Schiuma, G., Lerro, A. and Carlucci, D. (2005). An interfirm perspective on intellectual capital,in Marr, (Ed.), Perspectives on Intellectual Capital: Multi-disciplinary Insights into Management, Measurement, and Reporting, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam, 155-69.

Schumpeter, J A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital,Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Seelos, C. and Mair, J. (2005).Social entrepreneurship: creating new business models to serve the poor. Business Horizons, Vol. 48 No. 3, 241-6.

Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline – The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization. New York: New York publishers.

Sharma, Rashmi (2009). A Study of Human Motivation for an Effective Knowledge Management. Bizcraft, Vol.3 No.1, Sept.08 – Feb. 09.

Shaw, E., & Carter, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: theoretical antecedents and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14, 418–434.

Short, J.C, Moss, T.W. and Lumpkin, G.T. (2009). Research in social entrepreneurship: past contributions and future opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Vol. 3, 161-194.

Shuck, B., and Reio, T.G. (2011). The employee engagement landscape and hrd: how do we link theory and scholarship to current practice? Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13, 419–428.

Shuck, B. (2011). Integrative literature review: four emerging perspectives of employee engagement: an integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review, 10, 304–328.

Siddiqui, A. (2010). Impact of academic leadership on faculty's motivation, and organizational effectiveness in higher education system. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Assessing Quality in Higher Education, 6th - 8th.

Sindhu Dr. (2009). Integrating knowledge management with organizational learning. Bizcraft, Vol.3 No.1, Sept.08 – Feb. 09.

Sirmon, D. G., & Hitt, M. A. (2009). Contingencies within dynamic managerial capabilities: Interdependent effects of resource investment and deployment on firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30,1375-1394.

Snape, E., and Redman, T. (2010). HRM practices, organizational citizenship behaviour, and performance: a multi-level analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 47, 1219–1247.

Spender, J. C. & Grant, R. M. (1996). Knowledge and the firm: overview. Strategic management journal, 17 (Winter Special), 5-9.

Stam, C.D. (2009). Knowledge and the ageing employee: a research agenda. Science Guide journal.

Steyaert, C., & Dey, P. (2010). Nine verbs to keep the social entrepreneurship research agenda ëdangerousí. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 231–254.

Sullivan Mort, G., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2003). Social entrepreneurship: Towards conceptualization. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8, 76-88.

Swedberg R. (2009). Schumpeter’s full model of entrepreneurship: economic, non-economic and social entrepreneurship. In An Introduction to Social Entrepreneurship: Voices, Preconditions, Contexts, Ziegler R (ed.). Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, 155–175

Taneja, Kanika (2009). Micro finance: the new mantra of rural finance to reduce poverty. Delhi Business Review, Vol. 10, No. 2 (July-December 2009).

Teece, D., Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (7), 509-534.

Teo, S.K. (1996).Women entrepreneurs of Singapore. In A.M. Low & W.L Tan (Eds.), Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship and Enterprising Culture. Singapore: Addison-Wesley.

Thurm, S. (2006). Companies struggle to pass on knowledge that workers acquire. The Wall Street Journal.

Townsend, K., Wilkinson, A., and Burgess, J. (2013). Routes to partial success: collaborative employment relations and employee engagement. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, early online publication, DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2012.743478.

Tracey, P., & Phillips, N. (2007). The distinctive challenge of educating social entrepreneurs: a postscript and rejoinder to the special issue on entrepreneurship education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6, 264–271.

Truss, C., Alfes, K., Delbridge, R., Shantz, A., and Soane, E.C. (2013a). Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.

Truss, C., Alfes, K., Delbridge, R., Shantz, A., and Soane, E.C. (2013b). Introduction, in Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.

Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, and E.C. Soane, Truss, C., Mankin, D., and Kelliher, C. (2012). Strategic Human Resource Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

USAID (The United States Agency for International Development). (2003). Knowledge Mapping 101. Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK308.pdf.

Venkatraman, N. and V. Ramanujam (1986). Measurement of business performance in strategy research: a comparison approaches. Academy of Management Review 11(4), 801-814.

Vogelsang,K. (2009).Project management standards: Diffusion and application in Germany and Switzerland. International Journal of Project Management, 27, 292–303.

Von Krogh, G. and Grand, S. (2002). From economic theory towards a knowledge- based theory of the firm. In Choo and Bontis (Eds.) The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge, New York: Oxford University Press, 163-184. Von Nordenflycht, A. (2010). What is a professional service firm? Towards a theory and taxonomy of knowledge intensive firms. Academy of Management Review, 35, 155-174.

Walley, L., Taylor, D. and Greig, K. (2010). Beyond the visionary champion: testing a typology of green entrepreneurs. In M. Schaper (ed) (2010), Making Ecopreneurs: Developing Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Farnham Surrey England: Gower Publishing Ltd., 59-74.

Watson, T.J. (2010). Critical social science, pragmatism and the realities of HRM. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 915–931.

Wilson, J. (2010). Essentials of Business Research. California: Sage Publication Inc.

Yang, H., Phelps, C, & Steensma, H. K. (2010). Learning from what others have learned from you: The effects of knowledge spillovers on originating firms. Academy of Man- agement Journal 53,371-389.

Youssef-Morgan, C.M., and Bockorny, K.M. (2013). Engagement in the context of positive psychology. London: Routledge.

Zack, M. (2002). Developing a Knowledge Strategy. In Choo and Bontis (Eds.) The Strategic Q Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge, New York: Oxford University Press, 255- 276

Zahra, S., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D., & Shulman, J. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519–532.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v2i2.136

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

PAST ISSUES:
20242023202220212020201920182017201620152014
Vol 11, No 4 [2024]Vol 10, No 4 [2023]Vol 9, No 4 [2022]Vol 8, No 4 [2021]Vol 7, No 4 [2020]Vol 6, No 4 [2019]Vol 5, No 4 [2018]Vol 4, No 4 [2017]Vol 3, No 4 [2016]Vol 2, No 2 [2015]Vol 1, No 2 [2014]
 Vol 11, No 3 [2024] Vol 10, No 3 [2023] Vol 9, No 3 [2022]Vol 8, No 3 [2021]Vol 7, No 3 [2020]Vol 6, No 3 [2019]Vol 5, No 3 [2019]Vol 4, No 3 [2017]Vol 3, No 3 [2016]Vol 2, No 1 [2015]Vol 1, No 1 [2014]
 Vol 11, No 2 [2024] Vol 10, No 2 [2023] Vol 9, No 2 [2022]Vol 8, No 2 [2021]Vol 7, No 2 [2020]Vol 6, No 2 [2019]Vol 5, No 2 [2018]Vol 4, No 2 [2017]Vol 3, No 2 [2016]  
 Vol 11, No 1 [2024] Vol 10, No 1 [2023] Vol 9, No 1 [2022]  Vol 8, No 1 [2021]Vol 7, No 1 [2020]Vol 6, No 1 [2019]Vol 5, No 1 [2018]Vol 4, No 1 [2017]Vol 3, No 1 [2016]   


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.