DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF I-TAX SYSTEM AS A STRATEGY TO ENHANCE TAX COLLECTION IN KENYA

RUTH NTHENYA MUTISYA, DR. SUSAN WERE (Ph.D)

Abstract


The purpose of this study was to establish the determinants of i-tax system implementation as a strategy to enhance tax collection at Kenya Revenue Authority in Kenya. This study adopted a descriptive design and targeted a population of all KRA employees and tax payers in Nairobi focusing on employees directly involved with itax system implementation and tax payers. It employed simple random sampling to select 62 employees and 96 tax payers giving a total of 158 potential respondents. This study relied on primary data specifically a questionnaire that comprised of open and closed ended questionnaires. Descriptive statistics such as  percentages, mean, frequency distribution and standard deviation were computed to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest while in inferential statistics, corelation, multiple regression analysis were used establish the nature and magnitude of the relationships between the variables and to test the hypothesized relationships. The results of data analysis were presented using figures, charts and tables for easy understanding and interpretation. The study findings indicated that resource availability, capacity building, monitoring and user technical skills were key determinants of itax system implementation. The study concluded that itax system implementation helped in revenue collection since it had automated all the tax processes and had been adopted fully by all taxpayers though there were cases of tax evasion. The study recommended that Kenya Revenue Authority should use effective measures to mobilize and motivate tax payers to register online for applicable tax heads in order to widen the tax base and enhancement revenue collection. The study concluded that the top management should support and improve on their involvement on itax system implementation to improve employees’ attitude and also provide the resources required for implementation process. There was need for the management of the organization to continue providing the necessary exposure to the employees in terms of trainings in application software to realize the importance or positive contribution it may have on the organization’s processes.

Key Words: Resource Availability, Capacity Building, Monitoring, User Technical Skills

CITATION: Mutisya, R. N., & Were, S. (2020). Determinants of successful implementation of i-tax system as a strategy to enhance tax collection in Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 7(4), 485 –  508.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Alam, S. S. (2009). Adoption of internet in Malaysian SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(2), 240-255.

Alanezi, M. A., Mahmood, A. K., & Basri, S. (2012). E-Government Service Quality: A Qualitative Evaluation In The Case Of Saudi Arabia. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 54, 1-20.

Allink, M & Kommer, V (2010).Handbook for tax administrations. Organizational structure and management of Tax Administrations. Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations.

Alm, Gary H., McClelland& William D., (2012). “Why do people pay taxes?” Journal of public economics 48, 21-38.

Alraja, M. N., Hammami, S., &Alhousary, T. (2015). Factors affecting e-government services adoption: Field study. Journal of Theoretical and applied information technology, 65-69.

Andarias, R., (2006) The Use of Technology in Local Tax Administration. A paper presented to the European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, July 2006, Costa Blanca, Alicante, Spain.

Azmi, A. A., &Kamarulzaman, Y. (2010). Adoption of tax e-filing: A conceptual paper. African Journal of Business Management, 4, 599-603.

Barati, A., Moradi, P., Ahmadi, B., & Azizpour, P. (2014). A study of the models for adoption of e-tax returns from the perspective of taxpayers. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4, 1923-1939.

Bauer, T., &Erdogan, B. (2012).An Introduction to Organizational Behavior. Retrieved June 2016, from http://2012books.lardbucket.org

Beck, P. J., Davis, J. S., & Jung, W., (2010).Experimental Evidence on Taxpayer Reporting Under Uncertainty. The Accounting Review, 66(3), 535-558.

Beck, T., Kunt, A. D., & Peria, M. S. (2008). Bank Financing for SMEs around the World: Drivers, Obstacles, Business Models, and Lending Practices. Policy Research Working Paper 4785. Retrieved April 12, 2016, from http://www-wds.worldbank.org

Bhatnagar, S. C. (2004). E-government: from vision to implementation : a practical guide with case studies. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004.

Bird, M., Casaregra, J., (2010) Improving tax administration in developing countries. IMF

Bird, R., (1989)."Taxation in Papua New Guinea: Backwards to the future? "World Development, Elsevier, vol. 17(8), pages 1145-1157, August.

Black, James A. & Dean, J., (1976).Methods and Issues in Social Research, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Boo, D. M. (2011). Situationer on Estate Taxation in the Philippines: Issues and Prospects. NTRC Tax Research Journal, XXIII, 1-24.

Brand, P., (1996). Compliance: A 21st Century Approach. National Tax Journal, 49(3), 413-420.

Brostek, M (2007), Tax Compliance: Multiple Approaches Are Needed to Reduce Tax Gap. A paper presented before the Committee on the budget, U.S. Senate, United States Government Accountability Office.

Camp CPA. (2016). Theory and basis of Taxation. Retrieved from http://campcpa.org

Communications Authority of Kenya.(2015). First Quarter Sector Statistics Report for the Financial Year 2015/2016.Nairobi. Retrieved April 06, 2017, from http://www.ca.go.ke

Cooper, D. & Schindler, P. (2001).Business Research Methods. 7th Edition. New York: McGraw- Hill Company.

Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12 ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.

Devos, K. (2014). Factors Influencing Individual Taxpayer Compliance Behaviour. Springer Netherlands.

Diebold, J. (2010). Focus on automation: Management information systems: the next vital step: report of a conference held in London.

Dowe, D.E., (2008) E-Filing and E-Payments – The Way Forward, Paper presented at Caribbean Organization of Tax Administration (COTA) General Assembly, Belize City, Belize, July 2008.

Doyle, E. & Killian, S. (2004) “Tax aggression among tax professionals: the case of South Africa”, Journal of Accounting, Ethics and Public Policy, 4(3),159-189.

Duncan, B. (2000). Revenue Law Journal Volume 10 Issue 1Article 21-1-2000. Ten years of the Revenue Law Journal: A Diary of Tax Reform. Bond University.

Economics and Finance, Vol. 6 (9), pages1-20.

eFile LLC. (2016). efile History- Electronic Tax Filing in the United States. Retrieved June 6, 2016, from efile.com: http://www.efile.com

Erard, B., & Feinstein, J. S. (2012). The role of moral sentiments and audit perceptions in tax compliance, Public Finance/Finances, 49 (Supplement): 70-89.

European Commission ( EU). (2007). Simplified tax compliance procedures for SMEs. Retrieved March 17, 2016, from http://ec.europa.eu

Evans, C., (2010) E-Journal of Tax Research, vol. 1(1) 64-92, Atax, The University of New South Wales.

Fishbein, M., &Ajzen, I. (1975).Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research.Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Freud, S. (2016). Defense mechanisms. Retrieved July 5, 2016, from http://changingminds.org

Friedlan, N (1978) A Simulation Study Of Income Tax Evasion. Journal of Public Economics 10 (1978) 107-116. North-Holland Publishing Company.

Fu, J.R., Farn, C.K. and Caho, W.P, (2006). Acceptance of electronic tax filing: A study of Taxpayer Intentions. Information& Management, 43(1): 109-126.

Galliano, D., & Roux, P. (2008). Organisational motives and spatial effects in Internet. The Annals of Regional Science, 42(2), 425-448.

Goode, R., (2010). “Some economic aspects of tax administration. ”IMF Staff Papers, 28 (3), 249-274.

Gordon K., (2010) Tiley and Collison's UK Tax Guide 2010-11

Graham, M., &Sabbata, S. D. (2014).Broadband Affordability. Internet Geographies at the Oxford Internet Institute. Retrieved April 6, 2017, from http://geography.oii.ox.ac.uk

Grassi, C. M. (2015). Status and impact of the ability to pay principle in the ECJ's case law concerning tax benefits based on personal and family circumstances. Retrieved from http://www.cfe.lu.se

Guyton, J., Lee, P., Korobow, A., and Toder, E., (2005) Big Ideas Amid Big Deficits. National Tax Association

Hall, B. H., & Khan, B. (2002).Adoption of New Technology. Retrieved April 4, 2016, from https://eml.berkeley.edu

Halonen, R. (2012). Social Dynamics of Information and Communication Technology. Ashgate.

Harley, D., (2007). “Lending a Helping Hand: Two Governments Can Work Together,” National Tax Journal, Vol. LX (September 2007): 663-679.

Hassan, Z., K., & Kihara, A. (2017). Success Factors in The Implementation of Tax

Hasseldine, J., & Bebbington, J. K. (1991).Blending economic deterrence and fiscal psychology models in the design of responses to tax evasion: The New Zealand experience. Journal of Economic Psychology, 299-324.

Hassen, Y. A., &Svensson, A. (2014).The Role of E-commerce for the growth of Small Enterprises in Ethiopia. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 65, 1-20.

Hira, N. (2016). What we should expect on the taxation front. Business Daily.

Holniker, D. (2005). Computerization of Commercial Tax System. A Review of Some Efficiency and Macroeconomic Aspects‟ (Chapter 14, pp. 231–263), in V. Tanzi, Policies, Institutions and the Dark Side of Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).

Hunter, William and Michael N., (1996), “An IRS Production Function,” National Tax Journal XLIX (1): 105-115.

Hussein, R., Mohamed N., Ahlan A., & Mahmud M., (2011) "E-government application: an integrated model on G2C adoption of online tax", Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 5(3), pp.225 – 248

Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya (ICPAK).(2015). iTax-Presentation. Retrieved April 4, 2016, from https://www.icpak.com

Institute of Economic Affairs.(2012). Informal sector and Taxation in Kenya.The Budget Focus.

Internal Revenue Service (IRS). (2007). IT Modernization Vision &Strategy. Retrieved April 9, 2016, from https://www.irs.gov

James, S. (1998). A dictionary of taxation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Jenkins, G.P. (2010) Technical Publication of the Inter-American Centre of Tax Administrators. CIAT Review in 1985-1986.

Jenkins, G.P. (2012): Economic Reform and Institutional Innovation, Bulletin International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, (December 1992: 588-596).

John, D (2010) What'sAheadinInformationTechnology. Harvard Business Review.

Jones, C.R, (2009) Understanding and improving use-tax compliance: A theory of planned Behaviour approach. Theses and Dissertations. Paper No. 2032.

Kana L., &Barraza.(2010). Journal Article Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer, issue 224 (1 January 2001), page 50.Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Kangave, J., (2004) Improving Tax Administration: A Case Study of the Uganda Revenue Authority. LL.M. Thesis. Kingston: Queen‟s University, Faculty of Law.

Kaplow, L., (2010). "Optimal taxation with costly enforcement and evasion," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), 221-236, November.

Katz, R. L. (1974). Skills of an Effective Administrator. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved April 9, 2016, from https://hbr.org

Kenya Revenue Authority, (2009) Tax Reforms and Modernization: Lessons and Challenges, KRA.

Kenya Revenue Authority, (2009A) Fourth Corporate Plan. Research and Corporate Affairs, KRA.

Kinuthia, P. (2016). Auditing, Tax and Advisory Services, 2016 Going Forward. Nairobi Business Monthly, 4(10), 20.

Knoester, A, (1993) Taxation in the United States and Europe: Theory and practice: proceedings of a conference held by the Confederation of European Economic Associations at Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1991.Macmillan (Hound mills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York)

KRA. (2010). Revenue Administration Reforms in Kenya: Experience and Lessons. Nairobi: Kul Graphics Limited.

KRA.(2013). Kenya Revenue Authority Fifth Corporate Plan 2012/13 - 2014/15. Retrieved February 27, 2018, from http://www.kra.go.ke

KRA.(2015). Kenya Revenue Authority Sixth Corporate Plan 2015/16-2017/18.Retrieved from http//www.kra.go.ke

KRA.(2016). LTO Mandate. Retrieved February 27, 2016, from KRA Website: http://www.kra.go.ke

Krishnaswami, O., & Satyaprasad, B. (2010).Business Research Methods. Mumbai, India: Himalaya Publishing House.

Kushnir, K., Mirmulstein, M. L., &Rarmalho, R. (2010).How Do Economies Define Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.ifc.org

Lymer, A & Oats, L. (2012).Taxation policy and practice.Fiscal publications.

Manuere, F., Gwangwava, E., &Gutu, K. (2012). Barriers to the adoption of ICT by SMEs in Zimbambwe: an exploratory study in Chinhoyi District. Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business, 4(6), 1142-1156.

Masinde, J. (2015). 1.6 million taxpayers now on KRA online tax payment system. Daily Nation.

Maumbe, B. M., &Okello, J. (2013).Technology, Sustainability, and Rural Development in Africa. United States of America: Idea Group Inc (IGI).

Mayshar, J (1991) Taxation with Costly Administration. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics.

McLeod, S. (2009).Defense Mechanisms. Retrieved July 5, 2016, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Miller, J. A. (2000). Equal Taxation: A Commentary. Hofstra Law Review, 29(2).

Miller, J., &Khera, O. (2010). Digital Library Adoption And The Technology Acceptance Model: A Cross-Country Analysis. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 40, 1-19.

Miniwatts Marketing Group. (2015). Internet World Stats. Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm

Mintzberg, H., (1994)Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning: Free press and Prentice hall international.

Mungai, N. (2015). KRA To Register SMEs On Taxpayers' List. Retrieved February 28, 2016, from Kenyan Biz4Afrika Community: https://kenya.biz4afrika.com

Muriithi, M &Moyi, E (2003).Tax reforms and revenue mobilization in Kenya. The African Economic Research Consortium

Musgrave, R.A. & Musgrave P.B. (2004).Public Finance in Theory and Practice. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, India.

Muwonge, H. L. (2011). The Influence of Electronic Tax Filing System on Tax Compliance And Tax Collection. Retrieved February 27, 2018, from http://www.academia.edu

Nathan Associates Inc. (2013). Internet's Role in the Performance of India's Small and Medium Enterprise. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from http://www.nathaninc.com

Njau, J. N. (2015). Factors affecting the adoption of Information and Computer Technology in Small and Medium enterprises in Kenya:A Case of MatatuSaccos in Thika Town. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 2, 343-368.

Odhon’g, E. A., & Were S. (2013). “Human Capital Management as a Tool for Value Creation”, in proceedings of First SHRD Annual Research Conference, 12th and 13thSeptember, African Institute for Capacity Development (AICAD), JKUAT, Nairobi, Kenya, 1: 696-703.

OECD. (2009). Taxation of SMEs: Key Issues and Policy Considerations. OECD Tax Policy Studies, No18. Paris: OECD Publishing.

OECD.(2015). Taxation of SMEs in OECD and G20 Countries.OECD Tax Policy Studies, No 23. Paris: OECD Publishing.

Ofcom. (2015). Broadband services for SMEs: assessment and action plan. Retrieved from http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk

Okauru, I. O. (2012).Federal Inland Revenue Service and Taxation Reforms in Demcratic Nigeria. Safari Books Ltd.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).(2007). Glossary of Statistical Terms.

PwC. (2015).FIRS introduces electronic filing of tax returns and online payment of taxes. Retrieved June 6, 2016, from http://pwcnigeria.typepad.com

Quintana, F., (2010) "The Organization of Tax Administration in the CIAT Members Countries", CIAT

Reinganum, Jennifer F, Wilde & Louis L, (1991). "Equilibrium Enforcement and Compliance in the Presence of Tax Practitioners," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, vol. 7(1), pages 163-81.Oxford University Press.

Sandmo, A. (2005). The Theory of Tax Evasion: A Retrospective View. National Tax Journal, LVIII(4), 643-663.

Sani, A., (2005). Contentious issues in tax administration and policy in Nigeria: A governor's perspective. First National Retreat on Taxation. Lagos: Joint Tax Board.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P., &Thornhill, A. (2003).Research Methods for Business Students (3rd ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited.

Slemrod, J.,&Yitzhaki, S., (1996). "Integrating Expenditure and Tax Decisions: The Marginal Cost of Funds and the Marginal Benefit of Projects," NBER Working Papers 8196, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

Smith C., & Watts R., (1982).The structure of executive compensation contracts and the control of management.University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.

Souter, D., &Kerretts, M. (2012).Internet Governance in Kenya- An Assessment. Retrieved April 11, 2018, from https://www.internetsociety.org

Sreekantaradhya, B. (2000). Structure and Reform of Taxation in India.New Delhi: Elegant Printers.

Sri Lankan Citizens’ Use Behaviour towards E-Government Services.(2015). European Journal of Business and Management, 7.

Stein, P., Ardic, O. P., & Hommes, M. (2013).Closing the Credit Gap for Formal and Informal Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. Washington: International Finance Corporation.

Tahinakis P., Mylonakis J., & Protogeros N. (2006).The contribution of e-government to the modernisation of the Hellenic taxation system.EG 3(2): 139-157

Tanzi, V., &Shom, P., (1993).A Primer on Tax Evasion pp. 807-828.Imf staff papers. Volume 40. Number 4, IMF

Teltscher, S., (2002), Electronic Commerce and Development: Fiscal Implications of Digitised Goods Trading. Journal of World Development, Vol. 30, No. 7.

The Republic of Kenya. (2015). The Tax Procedures Act. The Government Printer.

The Republic of Kenya.(2012). Income Tax Act Chapter 470. 10. National Council for Law Reporting. Retrieved March 17, 2016, from http://www.kenyalaw.org

The Republic of Kenya.(2015). Kenya Revenue Authority Act Chapter 469. Retrieved from http//:www.kenyalaw.org

Thompson, S. K. (2012). Sampling. Hoboken, US: Wiley & Sons Inc.

Thomson, R., (2010) Host country tax policy and R&D financed from abroad, The Pacific Rim Innovation Conference, Melbourne, Australia on 21-22 January 2010.

Thurman, Q. C., (2010). “Taxpayer Noncompliance and General Prevention: An Expansion of the Deterrence Model,” Public Finance/Finances Publiques, 46 (2), 289-298.

Travis B., (2004). Taxation and corporate strategy in the single market. Journal of financial regulation and compliance; 12 (1), 45-50.

UNCTAD, (2000). Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment: A Global Survey. ASIT Advisory studies, N° 16. Geneva: UN. (2009), "World investment report: Transnational corporations, Agricultural Production and Development", United Nation, New York.

United Nations Conference on trade and development, (2000) World Investment Report. Cross border mergers and acquisitions and development. United Nations New York and Geneva.

United States Government Accountability Office,(2006)Making Significant Progress in Improving Tax Compliance Rests on Enhancing Current IRS Techniques and Adopting New Legislative Actions

Venkatraman, N., (2010) IT-Enabled Business Transformation: from automation to business scope Redefinition. Sloan Management Review, winter, p. 73-87. Vol. 93, No. 1 (Mar., 1991), pp. 75-88. Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Scandinavian Journal of Economics

Wallschutzky, I. G. (1984). Possible causes of tax evasion. Journal of Economic Psychology, 5(4), 371-385

Wang, Y.-S. (2002). The adoption of electronic tax filing systems: an empirical study. Government Information Quarterly(20), pp. 333-352.

Waweru M.G., (2006).Commissioner KRA’s Remarks to members of the media on 22nd May during the Kenya Business council fourth Annual General luncheon, Nairobi,19th July 2006.

Webley, P., (2004). Tax compliance by businesses. New perspectives on economic crime. Edward Elgar; Cheltenham, UK: pp. 95–126.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v7i4.1800

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

PAST ISSUES:
20242023202220212020201920182017201620152014
Vol 11, No 4 [2024]Vol 10, No 4 [2023]Vol 9, No 4 [2022]Vol 8, No 4 [2021]Vol 7, No 4 [2020]Vol 6, No 4 [2019]Vol 5, No 4 [2018]Vol 4, No 4 [2017]Vol 3, No 4 [2016]Vol 2, No 2 [2015]Vol 1, No 2 [2014]
 Vol 11, No 3 [2024] Vol 10, No 3 [2023] Vol 9, No 3 [2022]Vol 8, No 3 [2021]Vol 7, No 3 [2020]Vol 6, No 3 [2019]Vol 5, No 3 [2019]Vol 4, No 3 [2017]Vol 3, No 3 [2016]Vol 2, No 1 [2015]Vol 1, No 1 [2014]
 Vol 11, No 2 [2024] Vol 10, No 2 [2023] Vol 9, No 2 [2022]Vol 8, No 2 [2021]Vol 7, No 2 [2020]Vol 6, No 2 [2019]Vol 5, No 2 [2018]Vol 4, No 2 [2017]Vol 3, No 2 [2016]  
 Vol 11, No 1 [2024] Vol 10, No 1 [2023] Vol 9, No 1 [2022]  Vol 8, No 1 [2021]Vol 7, No 1 [2020]Vol 6, No 1 [2019]Vol 5, No 1 [2018]Vol 4, No 1 [2017]Vol 3, No 1 [2016]   


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.