LEADERSHIP STYLE(S) AND CULTURE(S) THAT SHAPED THE FAST TRACK LAND REFORM PROGRAMME IN ZIMBABWE: A CASE OF MATABELELAND SOUTH PROVINCE
Abstract
This study investigated the leadership style(s) and culture(s) that were applied in the execution of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe. The unit of analysis for this research was Matebeleland South Province and the sub-units were Gwanda, Matobo and Umzingwane Districts being three out of the seven administrative Districts in the Province. The study used both the deductive and inductive approaches to facilitate data, methodological and results triangulation, whilst the research design applied was the case study survey. Three levels of leadership, namely Provincial, District and Traditional leadership participated in this study under the deductive phase and there were 61 respondents. It was hoped that the outcome of this study would reflect the National picture since all rural Provinces have homogenous land reform structures. Two patented instruments, the Your Leadership Legacy Instrument (YLLI) and the Organizational Legacy Instrument (OCAI) were administered to 61 respondents. A review of literature on leadership practices for decolonization led to the adoption of the legacy based transformative leadership as the primary theory for this study. The theoretical framework for the study was built around participatory leadership by land officials; community participation in land reform decision making processes; leadership decision on access to land by women, and leadership decisions on livelihood status of land beneficiaries post land reform. There was no sufficient evidence from literature that the theory has been tested under African conditions of land reform in a decolonizing environment. The major finding on the application of this theory was that both transactional and transformational leadership as well as clan, adhocracy, market and hierarchy cultures influenced the execution of the FTLRP. However, it was inadequate in addressing aspects of decolonization under African conditions. The main weakness of the theory was the ambiguity underlying its influence process and failure by the OCAI and YLLI to capture the specific intimate relationship between leadership practices for land reform and the leadership qualities measured by the instruments since these are meant for universal application. The theory fails to satisfactorily explain the interacting variables between the land officials’ natural style and personality with positive work outcome in the land reform process. To compensate for these underlying inadequacies, the study employed the inductive approach incorporating secondary data, 17 key informants and 24 focus group discussion participants comprising of directors at national level, community and local authorities’ leadership, non-governmental and government officials at district and provincial level and land beneficiaries involving 123 participants. The inductive approach closed the glaring gaps in the deductive approach through the development of a secondary theory, the Leadership-Cultural Land Reform Model in a Decolonizing Environment which rests on Restorative leadership and Equalizing Culture. The major finding of the research showed that the FTLRP was influenced in the main by restorative leadership and equalizing culture. According to the outcome of the research, the leadership was intent on delivering equality, parity and equity in land ownership, access and control between those who had land and the landless. It can be concluded that the outcome of this study is an evidence of the existence of strong social capital powered by clan culture and Ubuntu at all leadership levels from the community, district and provincial through to national levels.
CITATION: Chinyai, B. (2021) Leadership style(s) and culture (s) that shaped the fast track land reform programme in Zimbabwe. A cse of Matebeleland South Province. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 8 (3), 253 – 549.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abu, Z. H. & Bujang, A. A. (1994). Theory on land reform: An overview. Department of Property Management and Valuation, Faculty of Surveying, Universiti Teknologi; Malaysia.
Action Aid (2012), ‘What next after the Millennium Development Goals? https://www.actionaid.org.uk/news-and-views/what-next-after-the-millennium-development- goals,18September2012. [Accessed: 12 June 2013].
Adams, J. (1999). Review of James Scott, seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve human conditions have failed, (Michigan: Thomson Shore). Rural History, 10, 261-3.
Adams, M. (2001), Tenure security, livelihoods and sustainable land use in Southern Africa. Paper presented at the Conference on “Land Reform and Property Alleviation in Southern Africa” held by the Southern African Regional Poverty and Development Network, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 4-5 June 2001.
Adams, M., Sibanda, S., & Turner, S. (2000). Land tenure reform and rural livelihoods in Southern Africa. inc. Toulimin and J. Quan Ed. Evolving land rights, policy and tenure in Africa. DFID/IED/NRI. London.
Adigun, I.O. (1995). Effects of domestic multiculturalism on job attitudes in Nigeria: A research note. International Journal of human resource management, 6(4), 910-29.
Adu-Febiri, F. (2013). Sankofa: Reinventing Africa, a focus on the homogeneity in the heterogeneity. Doi: 10.10 93 /acprof oso/9780199581498.001.0001.
Agarwal, A., & Gibson, C. C. (1999). Enrichment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation. World Development, 27, 629-649. Available from: http://amor.cms.hu.berlin.de/mMue//edo/down-load/sikor%20&20mueller_2009.The % limits % 20 of % 20 state-led 20 land % 20 reform.pdf Accessed 30 May 2013.
Agarwal, B. (1994), Gender and command over property: A critical gap in economic analysis and policy in South Asia. Word Development, 22, 1455-1478.
Agarwal, B. (1995), Women’s legal rights in agricultural land in India. Economic and political weekly, March.
Agarwal, B. (2001), Gender and land rights revisited: Exploring new prospects via the state, family and market. Draft Paper prepared for the UNRISD project on Agrarian change, Gender and Land Rights, UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development) Geneva.
Agarwal, B. (2003). Gender and land rights revisited: Exploring new prospects the state, family and market. Journal of agrarian change, 3 (1) 184-224
Aggarwal, S. & Elbow, K. (2006). The role of proper right in natural resource and employment of the rural poor. USAID Contract No: pce-1-00-99-00001
Agrarian Reform. Routledge. Third World Quarterly, 28(8), 1577-1597.
Alavi, M. & Carlson, P. (1992). A review of MIS research and disciplinary development.Journalof Management Information Systems, 8, 45-62.
Alchian, A. A. & Demsetz, B. (1972). Production, information costs and economic organisation. American Economic Review, 62 (5), 777-95.
Alchian, A. A. & Demsetz, H. (1973). ‘Property right paradigm. Journal of Economic History, 33, 16-27.
Alexander, J. & Mcgregor, J. (2001). Elections, land and the politics of opposition in Matabeleland. Journal of Agrarian Change, 1(4), 510-33.
Alexander, J. (1994). State, peasantry and resettlement in Zimbabwe. Review of African political Economy, 61, 325-45.
Alexander, J. (2006). The unsettled land, state making and politics of land in Zimbabwe, 1893-2003. Oxford: Ohio University Press.
Alexander, J., McGregor, A., & Ranger, T. (2000). Violence and memory: One hundred years in the “Dark Forests” of Matabeleland. Oxford, James Currey.
Ali, D., Deininger, K., & Goldsmith, M. (2011). Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research working paper 5765.
Allik, J. & Realo, A. (2009). On the relationship between social capital and individualism collectivism. Social and Personality psychology compass, 3 ( 6) 871-886.
Alston, L. J., Libecap, G. D., & Mueller, B. (2002). Titles, conflict and land use: The development of property rights and land. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
Amanor-Wilks, D. & Tsikata, D. (2009). Land, Labour and Gendered livelihoods in a peasant and a “settler” economy. Feminist Africa, 12, 31-50.
Amanor-Wilks, D. E. A. (2001). Land, labour and gendered livelihoods in a “Peasant” and a“Settler”economy. Feature Article 31. Available from: http://agi.ac.za/sites/agi.ac.za/files/fa12Feature- amanor-wilks.pdf. [Accessed: 13 July 2012].
Ambang. T. (2008). The implications of not involving indigenous leadership in the local level government structure in Papua New Guinea. Contemporary PNG studies.
Ambaye, D. W. (2009). .Land valuation for expropriation in Ethiopia: Valuation methods and adequacy for compensation. 7th Fig Regional Conference – Spatial Data Serving People: Land Governance and the Environment – Building the Capacity, Hanoi, Vietnam, 19-22 October 2009.
Available from: http://www.fignet/pub/vietnam/papers/ts04c/ts04_ambaye_3753.pdg. [Accessed: on 19 March 2015].
Amin, N. & Chipika, J. (1994). A factor-analytic approach to peasant differentiation and household food security in Zimbabwe. joint DDP and University of Zimbabwe, working paper 3, Open University, Milton Keynes, 1994.
Andereucci, M. (2017). History of land and agriculture in Africa: Part 14 effective land use strengthened economy, The Patriot, December 15-20, 2017.
Anderson, C. W. (1965). .Reform Mongering and the uses of political power. Inter American Economic Affairs, 19(2), 27.
Anderson, G. & Arsenhault, N. (1998). Fundamental of educational research. ’London: Routledge
Anderson, T. L., & Hill, P. J. (1990). The race for property rights. Journal of Law and Economics.33, 35-39.
Anseeuw, W. & Mathebula, N. (2008). Evaluating land reform’s contribution to South Africa’s pro-poor growth pattern. Tips- Annual Forum 2008,’ Available from: http://www.tips.org.za/files/Anseeuw-Mathebula-evaluating-land_reform_24October 2018 - tmp5296 cf.33.pdf. [Accessed: 12 March 2012].
Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. T. & Sternberg, J. (2003). Context and leadership: An examination of the nine-factor full range leadership theory. The leadership Quarterly, 15–261-295.
Antonakis, J., Zianciolo, A. T. & Sternberg, J. (2004). Leadership: Past, present and future. In Antonakis, J, Cianciolo, A. T., and Sternberg, J. (eds). The Nature of leadership, Safe Publications, Newport Beach, CA, pp3-15.
Appendix B: 100 Association of public health laboratories (2013). Pre-Calculated Samples size Tables. Available from: infro@aphl.org. Accessed 13 September 2013.
Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of The American Planning Association, 35(4), 216-224.
Arnstein, H. C., Bontempo, R., & Villareal, M. J. (1998). Individualism: Crop- cultural perspectives on self in group relationship. Journal of personality and social psychology,54, 223-338.
Arrighi, G. (1970). .Labour supplies in historical perspective: A study of the proletarianization of the African peasantry in Rhodesia. The Journal of Development studies 6(3), 197-234.
Attewell, P. & Rule, J. B. (1991). Survey and other methodologies applied to impact research: Experiences from a comparative study of business computing. Paper presented at the Information Systems Research Challenge: Survey Research Methods.
Atuahene, B. (2010). Property right and the demands of transformation. Wichigan Journal of International Law, 31(4).
Ault, D. E. & Rutman, G. L. (1979). The development of individual right to property in tribal Africa. Journal of Law and Economics, 22.
Babou, S. (2008). Transitional leadership versus transformational leadership. Leadership and Project Management Champions,’ Available from:
Baldwin, K. (2014). When politicians cede control of resources: Land, chiefs and coalition-building in Africa. Journal Article, Comparative Politics, 46(3), 253-271.
Barber, B. R. (2004). Strong democracy: Participatory politics for a new age. Twentieth- Anniversary (ed), with a new Preface.’ Available from: http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520242333 – [Accessed 3 September 2014].
Barling, J., Kelloway, E., & Slater, F. (2000). Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study. Leadership and Organisational Development Journal,21, 157-161.
Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Development and effects of transformational leadership in Adolescents,’ St. Mary’s University. Available from: http://web.busines.queensu.ca/faculty/jbarling/Articles/2000%20zacharatos%20et20al.pdf. [Accessed: 17 July 2014].
Barr, A. (2001). Trust and expected trust worthiness in rural Zimbabwe: An experimental investigation. WPS/2001.12. Oxford, UK: Centre for the study of African
Economics, University of Oxford. Available from: http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/workingpapers/pdfs/2001200-12text.pdf. [Accessed: 16 November 2013].
Barraclough. S. L. (1970). Agricultural policy and land Reform. Journal of Political Economy 78(4), 906-47.
Barry, F. (1959). Changing patterns of African land use in South Rhodesia. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of Doctor of Philosophy Degree, Syracuse University, 1959), Lusaka, Zambia.
Barry, M. (2013). Land tenure administration and GIS: Trends and challenges. South African surveying and Geomatics Indaba 2013, Emperor’s Palace, Johannesburg, key note speaker.
Barth-Farkas, F. & Vera, A. (2014). Power and transformational leadership in public organizations, International journal of leadership in public service 10(4), 217-232.
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. (1993). Transformational leadership and Organisational culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17(1), 112-121.
Bass, B. M. (1997). Does the transactional transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries?’ American psychogist, 52(2), 130-139.
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J. (1991). Improving organisational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks: Safe.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free press: New York.
Bass, B. M. & Avolio. B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA
Bass, B. M. (1996). A new paradigm of leadership: An inquiry into transformational leadership. Alexandria, Va, US: US army research institute for the behavioral and social sciences.
Beach, D. (1997). The shona economy: Branches of production in Palmer. R and Parsons (eds) Roots of rural poverty in Central and Southern Africa. London, Heinemann, 1977.
Belk, R. W., Sherry, J. F. Jr., 7 Wallendorf, M. (1988). A naturalistic inquiry into buyer and seller behaviour at a swap meet. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.14 Available from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view- Conference Proceedings. Aspx?id =8116. [Accessed: 13 April 2014].
Bell, K. C. (2011). After the Tsumani: Women and land reforms in Aceh.Sustainable Development Department. The World Bank (April 2011).
Benbasat, I. (1984).An analysis of research methodologies. In McFarlan (1984), Op Ci., 47-85
Benbasat, I., Goldstein, D. K., & Mead, M. (1987). The case research strategy in studies ofinformation systems. MIS Quarterly 11(3) 369-386.
Bennet, N., Wise, C., Woods, P. A., & Harvey, J. A. (2003). Distributed leadership: A review of literature. National College for School leadership. Available from: URL:http://www.ACSI.or.uk [Accessed: 27 January 2015].
Bennis, W. G. (1959). Leadership theory and administrative behavior: The problems of authority. Administrative Sciences Quarterly,.44,250-301.
Benoit, A. & Jascus, P. (2004). Land tenure in development cooperation. Cape Town Conference on land Tenure Issues: 04. Allamic, Benoit. GTZ.
Berkes, F., Feeny, D., McCay, B. J., & Acheson, J. M. (1989). The benefits of the commons. A nature, 340,, 91-93.
Berkes, F. (ed) (1989). Common property resources: Ecology and community-based sustainable development. London. Belhaven Press. Available from: http//www.fao.org/docrep/003x7579e/x7579e03.htm. [Accessed: 22 July 2012].
Bernstein, H. (1996). South Africa’s agrarian question: Extreme and exceptional. Journal of Peasant Studies, 23, 1-52.
Bernstein, H. (2004). Changing before our very eyes: Agrarian question and the politics of land in capitalism today. Journal of Agrarian Change, 4(1), 190-225.
Berry, R. A. &Cline, W. R. (1979). Agrarian structure and productivity developing countries. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Berry, S. (1983). No condition is permanent: The social dynamics of agrarian change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: The University of Wisconsin. Press.
Berry, S. (1993). No condition is Permanent. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Berry, S. (2002). Debating the land question in Africa. Comparative studies in Society and History,’44, 638-68.
Berry, S. (2009). Building for the future? Investment, land reform and the contingencies of ownership in contemporary Ghana. World Development, 37(8), 1370-1378.
Besley, T. Burgess, R. (1988). Land reform, poverty reduction and growth: Evidence from India. LSE (Mimeo).
Besley, T. & Burgess, R. (2008). The political economy of government responsiveness: Theoryand evidence from India.’ Available from: http://public.econ.duke.edu/_psarcidi/lunchf08/besburgess.pdf. (Accessed: 17 August 2013).
Binswanger, H. P., Deininger, K., & Feder, G. (1995). Revolt and reform in agricultural land relations.’ In Handbook of Development Economics, edited by J. Behrman and T. N. Srinivasan, 2659-2772. Amsterdam: Elsevier science.
Birdsal, N., & Londono, J. L. (1997., Asset inequality matters: An assessment of the World Bank’s approach to poverty Reduction. American Economic Review 87 (2), 32- 37.
Black, P. M. (1999). Theoretical frame-work: Women’s leadership in community-profit organizations. Doctoral Thesis, Published. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology .
Bless, C. & Higson-Smith, C. (1995). Fundamentals of Research Methods: An African perspective. Wetton: Juta.
Block, L. (2003). The leadership-culture connection: An exploratory investigation. Leadership and Organisation Development Journal, 24 (5), 318-335.
Blunt, P. (1995). Cultural relativism, good governance and sustainable human development. Public Administration and Development, 15(1), 1-10.
Blunt, P. (1978). Social and organizational structures in East Africa: A case for participation. Journal of modern African studies, vol.16(3), 433-49.
Blunt, P. & Jones, M. L. (1997). Explaining the limits of Western leadership theory in East Asia and Africa. Personnel Review, 26(1),.6-23.
Boeken Centrum. Available from: http://members.home.nl/e.devreede/bibliogr.html, [Accessed: 21 November 2014].
Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. (eds) (2003). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods.’New York: Pearson Education Group.
Bohn, T. G. & Grafton, D. (2002). The relationship of perceived leadership behaviours to organizational Efficacy. Journal of Leadership and Organisational studies, Vol. 9 (2), 65-80.
Boje, D. M. (2000). Transformational leadership. December.Available from: http://business.nmsu.edu/mdboje/teaching/338/transformationalleadership.htm. [Accessed 15 July 2013].
Bolden, R. (2007). Distributed leadership. University of Exeter, discussion papers in management. Paper number 07/02, ISSN 1472, 2939.
Bontempo, R. Lobel, S., & Triands H. C. (In Press). Compliance and value internalizing among Brazilian and .U.S student. Journal of Personal And Social Psychology.
Boone, C. (2007). Property and constitutional order: Land tenure reform and the future of the African State. African Affairs, 106(425), 557-586.
Borg, W. R. & Gall, J. P. (2003). ‘Educational research:’ An introduction. New York: Longman Publishers.
Borras, Jr, S. (2003). Questioning the prop-market critique of state-led agrarian reform. European Journal of Development Research 15, 105-128.
Borras, Jr, S. (2005, 2006). Can redistributive reform be achieved via market-based voluntary land transferschemes? Evidence and lessons from the Phillipines. Journal of Development Studies, 41(1), 90-134.
Borras, S. M. Jr. (2001). ‘State – society relations in land reform implementation in the Phillipines. Development and Change, 32, 545-575.
Borras, S. M. Jr., (2003). Questioning market-led agrarian reform: Experiences from Brazil, Colombia and South Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change. 3, 367-394.
Bouquet, E. (2009). State-led land reform and local institutional change: Land titles, land markets and tenure security in Mexican Communities. World Development, 37(8), 1390-1399.
Bourdiell, P. & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992), An invitation to reflexive Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bowles, M. (2009). Implementing success transformational leadership competency development in health care. The institute for working futures Pty. Ltd. 27 march 2009.
Boyce, J. K. & Ndikumana, L. (2005). Africa’s debt: Who owes whom? In Gerald Epstein(ed). Capital Flight and Capital Controls in Developing countries. Edward Elgan Press, 334-340.
Brasselle, A., Gaspart, F., & Platteall J. (2002).Land tenure security and investment incentives: Puzzling evidence from Burkinia Faso: Journal of Development Economic, 67(2), 373-418.
Braun , V. & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London: sage ISBN 9781847875815. http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book233059- Accessed 13 August, 2019
Braun, V. & Clarke. V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Brennet, N., Wise C., Woods, P. A., & Harvey, J. A. (2003). Distributed leadership: A review of literature. National college for School leadership.
Broodman, H. G., & Recanatini, F. (2000). Seeds of corruption: Do market institutions matter? MOCT Economic Policy in Transitional Economics,’ 11(4).
Brousius, P. J., Tsing, A. L., & Zerner, C. (1998). Representing communities: Histories and politics of community-based natural resource management. Society and NaturalResources, 11(2), 157-168.
Brown, T. (2002). Contestation, confusion and corruption: Market-based land reform in Zambia. Available from: taylor.brown@theIDLgroup.com. [Accessed: 26 November 2015].
Brown, T. & Siamwiza, (2002). Chiefs, commoners, and enclosures in the Gwembe Valley, Zambia. Paper presented at the ninth Conference of the International Association for the study of Common Property, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, June 2002.
Brown. D. (1989). Bureaucracy as an issue in third world management: An African case study.Public Administration and Development, 9, 369-80.
Bruce, J. W., & Knox, A. (2008). Structures and stratagems: Making decentralization of authority over land in Africa cost-effective. World Development,. 37(8), pp.1360- 1369.
Bruce, J. W., & Migot-Adholla, S. (1993). Searching for land Tenure Security in Africa. Dubuque, IOWA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Brusati, I. (undated). Why one leadership style does not suit all?’ Available from: http://isabellabrusati.com/why-one-leadership-style-does-not-suit-all - [Accessed: 6 February 2016].
Bryman A. E. & Burgess, R. G. (1999). Qualitative research methodology: A review. London: Routledge.
Bugri, J. T. (2007). An analysis of stakeholders’ roles and rights to land in North-East Ghana. Journal of the World Association of Soil and Water Conservation,.2, 1-24.
Buka, F. (2002). A preliminary audit report of land Reform Programme. Unpublished report, Government of Zimbabwe.
Bullard, T. (2014). 6 core values of a transformational leader – case study survey. Available from:http://www.slideshare.net/quantum/eapalchemy/6-core-values-of-a- tranformation-leader. [Accessed: 7 June 2016].
Bullen, P. & Onyx, J. (1998). Measuring social capital in five communities in NSW. A practitioners guide. January Social Capital Questionnaire.
Bullen, P. & Onyx, J. (1998). Social capital: The measurement tool. Available from: www.mapl.com.all. [Accessed: 22 November 2015].
Burke, W.W., & Litwin, G. H. (1992). A casual model of organisational performance and change. Transformational Change and transformational change. 12 manage the Executive Fast Track. Available from: http://www.12manage.com/methods_burke_litwin_Model.html. [Accessed: 26 July 2014].
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
Buttler, L. M. & Howell, R. E. (1980). Coping with growth: Community needs assessment techniques. Washington State University. WREP 44. Available from: http:/jutlp.ouw.edu.au/2204Vol101/pdf/jones_001.pdf, [Accessed: 20 March, 2013].
Buzdalov, 1. (2009). Land reform – A look through the prism of intentions. Problems of economic Transition, Vol. 51, (12), April 2009, pp.42-57.
Byamugisha, F. F. K. (ed). (2014). Agricultural land redistribution and land administration in sub-Saharan Africa: Case studies of recent directions in development. Washington DC: World Bank. Doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0188-4.
Bycio, P., Hackett, R. D., & Allen, J. S. (1995). Further assessments of Bass’s (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80 (4), 468-478.
Byres, T. J. (1996). Capitalism from above and capitalism from below. An essay in comparative political economy. London: Macmillan.
Cameron, K. S. & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework (rev.ed) San Francisco CA: Jossey- Bass.
Cameron, K. S.,& Quinn, R. E., (1999). Organizational culture assessment instrument. Available from: http://www.ocaionline.com [Accessed: 8 May 2012].
Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Competing values leadership – Creating value in organizations. New horizons in Management.
Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagonising and changing organizational culture:Based on the competing values framework. Reading UA, Addison – Welsley.
Cameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E., Thakor, A., & Degraff, J. (2007). Competing values leadership: creating value in organizations. Edward Elgar Pub, ISBN10: 184720493/1-84720-495-31SBN13; 9781847204950. Available from: http://www.ocai-online.com/about_the_organizational-culture-Assessment- Instrument. [Accessed: 8 May 2012].
Campbell, B. & Godoy, R. A. (1986). Common field agriculture: The Andes and Medieval England compared. The Journal of Agricultural Economics Research, 40(3)
Campbell, D. E. (2006). What is education’s impact on civil and social engangement? Paper presented at the symposium on social outcomes of learning, held at the Danish university of Education (Copenhagen) on 23-24 March, 2006.
Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research on teaching. In N.L. Gage (ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp.171- 246) Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Carletto, C., Savastano, S., & Zezza, A. (2013). Fact or artefact: The impact of measurement errors on the farm size-productivity relationship. Journal of Development Economics 103, 254-61.
Carthen, J. B. (2012). War, warrior, heroes and the advent of transactional leadership in sports antiquity. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), (2013). Community Needs Assessment. Atlanta. GA CDC.
Chambers, R. L., & Clark , R. G. (2012). An introduction to Model- Based Survey Sampling with applications. Print Publication Date: 2012. Print ISBN-13:9780198566625 001.0001., DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566625.
Chan, S., & Primorac, R. (2004). The imagination of land and the reality of seizure: Zimbabwe’s complex reinventions. Journal of International Affairs, 57(2) ,63-80.
Chang, H. (2009). How to ‘do’ a developmental: Political, organizational and human resource requirements for the developmental state. In: O. Edigheji, (ed). Constructing a democratic developmental state in South Africa: potential and challenges, Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp.82-96.
Chang, K. S. (2004). The anti-communitarian family? Everyday conditions of authoritarian politics in South Korea: In Communitarian Politics in Asia. Chua Beng-Huat (ed.), London: Routledge.
Chaumba, J., Scoones, I., & Wolmer, W. (2003). From Jambanja to planning: The reassertion of technocracy in South – Eastern Zimbabwe?’ Journal of Modern African Studies, 41, 4533-4.
Chavhunduka, C., & Jacobs, H. M. (2013). Devolution for land administration in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and challenges. Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe – Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin – Madison, March.
Cheater, A. P. (1990). The ideology of communal land tenure in Zimbabwe: Mythogenesis enacted?’ Africa London, 60, pp.188-206.
Cheater, A. P. (1994), Social anthropology: An alternative introduction. Gweru: Mambo Press.
Cheetham, N. (2002). Community participation: What is it?, transitions. Community participation. 14(3), Advocates for youth. Available from: http://www.advocatesforyouths.org/component/content/683?Task=view [Accessed: 25 December 2015].
Chenaux – Repon, M. (1994). Women discriminated against in present resettlement scheme’ The Sunday Mail, 16 January, 1994.
Chenaux – Repond, (1993). Gender biased land-use rights in model A2 resettlement schemes of Mashonaland, Zimbabwe. Rubecon, Harare.
Chidzonga, M., & Chigudu, H. (1991). Impact of the economic structural adjustment programme on women and agriculture in communal areas of Zimbabwe. School of Social Work, Harare.
Chigwenya, A. (2010). Decentralization without devolution and its impact on service delivery: The case of Masvingo Municipality in Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 12(1), 1-12.
Chimedza, R. (1988). Women’s access to and control over land: The case of Zimbabwe. Working Paper AEE 10/88. Harare: Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe.
Chingarande, S. D. (2008). Gender and the struggle for land equity, In Moyo, S., Helliker, K., Murisa, T., (2008). Contested Terrain: Land Reform and Civil Society in Contemporary Zimbabwe. C & S Publishers, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Chingarande, S. D. (2010). Gender and livelihoods in Nyabamba A1 resettlement area, Chimanimani District of Manicaland Province in Zimbabwe. Livelihoods after land reform in Zimbabwe, working paper 5. Livelihoods after land reform project. South Africa: PLAAS.
Chinyemba, M. T., Muchena, O. N., & Hakutangwi, M. B. .K (2006). Women and agriculture. In Zimbabwe’s agricultural revolution revisited,’ ed. Rukuni. M. Tawonezvi, P, Eicher, C., Munyuki – Hungwe, M., and Matondi, P. 631-649 Harare, Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe publications.
Chitiga, M. & Mabugu, R. (2008). Evaluating the impact of land redistribution: A CGE micro-simulation application to Zimbabwe. Pretoria. Oxford University Press (on behalf of the centre for the study of African Economies).
Chiweza, A. L. (2016). Women in local government, a potential arena for women’s substantive representation. Bergen: chr. Michelsen institute (cmi Brief vol.15 no .13) 4P.
Chombo Ignatius versus Marian Chombo (nee Mhloyi)-High Court of Zimbabwe (HC 4404/ 12/HH 336/14) – 28 June 2014/ 2 July 2014/ 13 August 2012.
Claridge, T. (2017). How to measure social capital. Social capital research. com.
Cohen, D., & Prusak, L. (2001). In good company, how social capital makes organizations work. p.28-31.
Coleman, J. L., & Krauss, J. (1986). ‘Rethinking the theory of legal rights. Yale Law Journal, 95, 1335-71.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120.
Collier, P., & Dercon, S. (2009). African agriculture in 50 years: Smallholders in a rapidly changing world? Paper presented at the expert meeting on how to feed the world in 2015,’ Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations Economic and Social Development Department, Rome, June 24-26.
Commercial Farmers’ Union of Zimbabwe (1991). Proposals for land reform for Zimbabwe 1991, (Harare, Commercial Farmers’ Union of Zimbabwe).
Commission for Africa (2005). Our common interest: Report of the commission for Africa. London: Commission for Africa.
Conger, J., & Kanungo, R. (1994). Charismatic leadership in organizations: Perceived behavioural attributes and their measurement. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 15, 439-452.
Conger, J. A. (1991). Inspiring others: The language of leadership. Academy of Management Executive, 5(1) 31-45
Conger, J. A. (1989). Leadership: The art of empowering others. Academy of Management Executive, 3 (1),17-24.
Constitution of the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF) 2017
Corbin, J. R. D. (1976). Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Lancaster.
Course Hero. The tragedy of the commons study guide: Course Hero 28 February 2018, web 16 September 2019 .
Counsins, B., & Claassens, A. (2003). Communal tenure systems in outh Africa: Past, present and future. Development Update, 4, 55-78.
Cousins, B. (2006). Agrarian reform and the two economies’: Transforming South Africa’s countryside.in Ntsebeza, L and Hall, R. (eds). The land Question in South Africa. The challenge of Transformation and Redistribution. Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp 220- 245.
Cousins, B. (2000). Tenure and common property resources in Africa: in C Teulmin and J Quan (edsO Evolving land rights policy and tenure in Africa. DFID/IED/NRI, London.
Cosway, N., & Anankum, S. A. (1996). Traditional leadership and community management in Northern Ghana. In Blunt, P and Warren, D.M (eds), Indigenous Organisations and Development, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, PP. 88-96.
Covey, S. R. (1996). Principle central leadership, simon and schuster, 1992
Cresswell, J. N. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nded.). Thousand Oaks, CA; Safe.
Cross, C., & Hornby, D. (2002). Opportunities and obstacles to women’s land access in South Africa. A research report for the promoting women’s Access to Land Programme.
Available from: http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674832404- [Accessed: 12 April 2013].
Cross, C., & Hornby, D. (2000). Opportunities and obstacles to women’s land access in South Africa.’ A research Report for the promotion of women’s Access to Land Programme.
Crossman, A. (2013). ‘Legitimation,’ Available from: http//sociology.about.com/od/lindex/8/legitimation.htm; [Accessed: 13 March 2013].
Culturaloriginal/dp/B0006D8LAW/ref=sr_l_l?=booksandi.e.=UTF8&qi'd=1456676513&sr=l-l.
Danziger, J. N., & Kraemer, K. L. (1991). Survey research and multiple operationism: The URBIS project methodology. In the information systems Research Challenge: Survey Research Methods-Vol. 3, (Kraemer K L Ed.), pp.351-371, Havard Business School Press. Boston, MA.
Daszko, M., & Sheinberg, S. (2005). Theory of transformation. Final to short article April 2005. Doc 2. Available from: www.mdaszko.com and www.shielasheinberg.com360-876-2399. [Accessed: - 15 July 2015].
Davidson, B. (1969). The African genius. Boston. P. 31 Available from: http://www.iosrjournals.org/ioss-jhss/papers/Vol.12-issue5/m01257881.pdf, - [Accessed: 12 December 2012].
Davison, J. (1988). Land and women’s agricultural production. The context. In J. Davison (ed)Agriculture, Women and Land. The African Experiences. Westview Press, Boulder and London.
De Hoogh, A. H. B., Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., Wilderom, C. P. M., Thiery, H., Van Der Berg, P.T., & Van De Weide (2005). Leader motives, charismatic leadership and subordinates work attitude in the profit and voluntary sector. The leadership quarterly, 16, 17-38.
De Janvry, A. (1981). The role of land reform in economic development: Policies and politics. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(2), 384-392.
De Soto, H. (2000). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism Triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. New York: Basic Books.
De Villiers, B. (2003). Land reform: Issues and challenges – A comparative overview of experiencesin Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa and Australia. Konrad Adenauer Foundation (RSA). Occasional Papers. JHB. April 2003.
De Vos, A. S., Strydom, H., Fouche, C. B., & Delport, C. S. L. (2005). Research at Grassroots: For the social sciences and human professions. Van Schaik Publishers: Pretoria.
De Vreede, E. (1995). Education and racism. In Voorbach, J. T. (Ed.) Research and Developments on Teacher Education in the Netherlands. Teacher Education 11. (p.99- 106). Amsterdam: Academisch
Deere, C, D., & Leon, M. (2001). Who owns the land? Gender and land – titing programmes in Latin America. Journal of Agrarian Change, 1, 440- 467.doi:10.1111/147-0366.000-13.
DeGraf, (undated). Competing values framework. Available from: http://competingvalues.com. [Accessed: 8 May 2012].
Deininger, K. (1999). Making negotiated land reform work. Initial experience from Colombia, Brazil and South Africa. The World Bank. 27(4), 651-672.
Deininger, K. (2003). Land policies for growth and poverty reduction. Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford University Press.
Deininger, K., & Binswanger, H. (1992). Are large farms more efficient than small ones? Government intervention, large scale agriculture, and resettlement in Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe. World Bank: Washington DC.
Deininger, K., & Jin, S. (2006). Tenure security and land – related investment: Evidence fromEthiopia. European Economic Review, 50(5), 1245-77.
Deininger, K., & Binswangger, H. (2001). The evolution of the World Bank’s land policy. Access to Land, Rural poverty, and Public Action (eds). De Janvry, Gordillo, and Saeulet. Oxford University Press.
Deininger, K., & Squire, L. (1998). Economic growth and income inequality: Re- examining the links. Finance and Development, 34 (1) 38-41.
Dekker, M., & Kinsey, B. (2011). Contextualising Zimbabwe’s land reform: Long-term observations from the first generation. Journal of Peasant studies. 38(5), 995- 1019.
Demison, D. R., Hooijberg, R., & Quinn, R. E. (1995). Paradox and performance: Toward a theory of behavioural complexity in managerial leadership. Organization Science, 6(5), 524-40.
Demsetz, H. (1967). Toward a theory of property rights. American Economic Review, 62 (2), 347-359.
Dening, W. E. (1986). Out of the crisis. MIT Press, Cambridge.
Denison, D., Haaland, S., & Goelezer, P. (2004). Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness: Is Asia different from the rest of the world? Organizational Dynamics, 33 (1), 98-109
Denscombe, M. (2007). Open up study skills. The good research guide for small-scale social research projects (3rd edition). New York: McGrow Hill.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincolin, Y. S. (2000). The landscape of qualitative research: Theories and issues. Thousand Oaks: California, SAGE.
Derman, B. (2006). After Zimbabwe’s fast track land reform: Preliminary observations on the near future of Zimbabwe’s efforts to revisit globalization. Mont-Pillier, France: Calloque International “les frontiers de la question fonciere. At the frontier of land issues.
Deutsch, M. (1949). A theory of cooperation and competition. Human Relations, 2, 129- 152.
Deutsch, M. (1962). Cooperation and trust: Some theoretical notes. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp.275-319), Lincolin: University of Nebraska Press.
Dia, M. (1994). Indigenous management practices: Lessons for Africa’s management in the 90s,” in Serageldin, I., and Taboroff, J. (Eds), culture and development in Africa world bank, Washington, DC, pp,165-91.
Diaby – Pentzlin, F., & Laube, W. (2015). Politics of alternative land reforms in Africa: Can the poor profit?’ Panel OI-VAD. Available from: http://www/vad.ev.de/index.php?id=21/13March2015. – [Accessed: 10 December 2015].
Dillman, D. A. (2007). Mail and internet surveys: The tailored design method. New Jersey: Hoboken.
Domezan, C., & Fleming, D. (2007). Marketing research in Ireland: Theory and practice. Gill and MacMillan, Limited, 8 May 2007. Available from: https:/books.google.co.zw/books/about/Marketing_Reserch_in_Ireland.htm. [Accessed: 13 August 2013].
Dore, R. P. (2001). Land reform and Japan’s economic development. Harvard University Press. 488-496.
Downton, J, V. (1973). Rebel leadership: Commitment and charisma in the revolutionary process. New York: Free press.
Drage, J. (1997). Weaving a new pattern: Women political leaders in local government in New Zealand. Wellington, Paper No.6, Research Monograph Series.
Drath, W. (2001). The deep Blue Sea: Rethinking the source of leadership. San Fransico: Jossey – Bass.
Drink-Water, M. (1989). Technical development and peasant impoverishment: Land use policyin Zimbabwe’s Midlands Province. Journal of Southern African Studies 15( 2), 287-305.
Drink-water, M. (1988). The state and agrarian change in Zimbabwe’s communal areas: An application of critical theory, PhD dissertation, Noraich: University of East Anglia.
Duncan, J. (2000). Agricultural land reform and farm reorganization in Tajikistan. Rural Development Institute Reports on Foreign Aid and Development 106: Washington: Seattle. Eagle group (2007), ‘Gender and Economic Growth Assessment, Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, Edited by Mary Agboli.
Duncan, L. E. (2010). Women’s relationship to feminism Effects of generation and feminist self- labelling. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 498-507.
Easterly, W. (2008). Design and reform of institutions in LDCs and transition economies: Institutions:Top down or bottom up? American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 98(2), 95-99.
Edero, W. (2018). 2018 African economic outlook Zimbabwe country note 2. Africa development bank group .
Edwards, G. (2012). 7 leadership styles and famous examples. Available from: Ehrhart, M. G and Klein, K.J. (2010). ‘Promoting More Integrative Strategies for Leadership.’
Eicher, C. K., & Rukuni, M. (1996). Reflections on agrarian reform and capacity building in South Africa. Staff paper. No. 96-3, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
EL – Ghonemy, M. R. (1990). The political economy of rural poverty. London and New York: Routledge.
Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, October, Vol.12. No 2,
Ember, C. R., Ember, M., & Pergrine, P. N. (2007). Anthropology. 12th Edition, New Delhi: Darling Kindersley (India) Pvt Ltd.
Engels, F. (1884). The origin of the family. Private Property and the State.’ Hottingem- Zurich. Available from: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family- [Accessed: 9 January 2012].
Escalada, M. (2009). Writing the thesis outline: Theoretical Framework. August. Devcompage.
Fafchamps, M., & Pender, J. (1997). Precautionary saving, credit constraints, and irreversible investment: Theory and evidence from semiarid India. Journal of Business and Economic statistics, 15(2), 180-94.
FAO, (2002). Land tenure and rural development. Land tenure studies. FAO, Viale delle Terme dicaracalla, 00100, Rome ISBN 92-5-104846-0.
FAO, (2008). Special report: FAO/WFP crop and food security assessment mission to Zimbabwe, 18 June 2008. Rome; Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations; Rome: World Food Programme.
FAO, (2011b). The state of food and agriculture 2010-2011: Women in agriculture closing the gender gap for development rome: FAO.
Fay, D. (2005). Kinship and access to land in the Eastern Cape: Implication for land tenure reform. Social Dynamics, 31 (1), 182-207.
Feder, G., & Feeny, D. (1996). The theory of land tenure and property rights. The Economics of Rural Organisation: Theory, Practice and Policy (eds).’ Hoff, Braverman, Stiglitz. Oxford University Press. Available from: http://www.pugetsound.edu/files/resources/1359_The_failureofpropertyrights.doc [Accessed: 12 April 2012].
Feder, G., & Feeny, D. (1991). Land tenure and property rights: Theory and implications for development policy. The World Bank Economic Review, 5(1), 135-153.
Feder, G., & Noronha, R. (1987). Land rights systems and agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Research Observer, 2, 143-69.
Fernando, E. (2005). Land reforms in Latin America, A discussion paper. E-mail: fegurson@cepes.org.pe.
Fielding, M., Lee, R, M., & Blank, G. (2008). The SAGE hand book of online research methods. London: SAGE publications
Fimbo, G. M. (2004). Land law reforms in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press Ltd Press Lt. G8. 2013. G8 Cooperation framework to support: The New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition: Tanzania. G8.
Firmin-Sellers, K., & Seller, P. (1999). Expected failure and unexpected successes of land titling in Africa, World Development, 27(7),1115- 28.
Ford, R. C., & Fottler, M. D. (1995).Empowerment, a matter of degree. Academy of Management Executive, 9(3), 21-31.
Fox, et al., (2007). Sampling and sample size calculation. The NIHR research design service for the East Midlands/ York shire and the Humber.
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (1993). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mcgraw-Hill College.
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2nded) (2001). Educational research: A guide to the process. Lawrence Eribaum Associates, Mahwah, N J.
Francis, X., & Hezel, S. J. (2009). The role of culture in economic development. Available from:http://www.micsem.org/pubs/counselor/frames/culture-economic-devepment.htm. [Accessed: 13 June 2013].
Fraser, A. (2007). Land reform in South Africa and the colonial present. Social and cultural Geography, Routledge 8(6),
Fry, L. (2009). Towards a theory of being centred leadership: Multiple level of being as context for effective leadership. Human Relations, 62, (11), 1667-1696.
Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. NY: Free Press.
Fukuyama, F. (2002). Social capital and development the coming agenda. SAIS Review, Vol.XX11(1), (Winter-Spring, 2002).
Gable, G. G. (1994). Integrating case study and survey research methods: An example in Information systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 3(2), 112- 126.
Gagnon, J. P. (2010). Establishing indigeneity in African pluralities. July: QUT Digital Repository.
Gaidzanwa, R. B. (1988). Women’s land rights in Zimbabwe’ – An overview occasional paper No. 13. Harare: Department of Rural and Urban Planning, University of Zimbabwe.
Gaidzanwa, R. B. (1994). Women’s land rights in Zimbabwe. A Journal of opinion, , 22(2), 12-16.
Gaidzanwa, R. B. (1995). Land and the economic empowerment of women: A gendered analysis. Southern African Feminist Review, 1(1), 1-12.
Galford, R. M., & Maruca, R. F. (2006). Your leadership legacy. Harvard Business School Press.
Galliers, R. D. (1991). Choosing appropriate information systems research approaches: A revised taxonom. Warwick business school university of warwick Coventry, CV 47 AL,England https:/ww.researchgate.net/ publication 236143992.
Galor, O., & Zeira, J. (1993). Income distribution and macro-economics. Review of Economic Studies, 60 (1), 35-52.
Gandz, J. (2005). The leadership Role. Ivey Business Journal. January/February. Available from http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/the-leadership-role. [Accessed 12 May 2013].
Gathlogo, J. (2008). African philosophy as expressed in the concepts of hospitality and Ubuntu. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa, 130, 430.
Gatzweiler, F. W., & Hagedorn, K. (2003). Institutional change in Central and Eastern European agricutlrue and environment. January 2003. Available from: https://www.reserachgate.net/publications/Institutional-change-in-Central-and- eastern-European-agriculture-and-environment. [Accessed, 2 May 2012].
Gaunt – Aeon, C. (undated). US must not forget its history of dispossession. Available from: http://aeon.co/magazine/society/americans-must-not-forget-their-history of dispossession. [Accessed: 19 March 2015].
George, H. (1904), Our land and land policy. New York.
George, H. (1898). Progress and poverty. New York.
Ghoshal, S., & Moran, P. (1996). Bad for practice: A critique of the transaction cost. Theory Academy of Management Review, 21 (1), 13-47.
Gibb, C. A. (1954). Leadership. in G. Lindsey (ed). Handbook of social Psychology, Reading, MA Addison-Welsley, Vol. 2, pp . 877-917.
Gierk, D.G., & Lees, P. L. (1993). On massive change: Using the competing values framework to organise the educational efforts of the human resources function in New York State Government. Human Resource Management, 32 (1), 9-28.
Gillham, B. (2000). Case study research methods. London: Bill Gillham.
Giorgi, A. (2102). The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. Journal of phenomenological psychology, 43 (1), 3-12.
Global Land Tool Network (2015). Securing land and property rights for all. Available from: http://www.gltn.net/index.plp [Accessed: 21 October 2015].
Global Political Agreement (GPA), (2008). Agreement between the Zimbabwe African National Union— Patriotic Front (ZANU — PF) and the two Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) formations, on resolving the challenges facing Zimbabwe. September 2008.
Goebel, A. (1996). Process, perception and power. Notes from participatory research in a Zimbabwean resettlement area. CASS occasional paper. NRM series, government of Zimbabwe (2000).
Goebel, A. (1998).Process perception and power: Notes from "participatory" Research in a Zimbabwean resettlement area, Development and Change, 29(2), 211-306.
Goebel, A. (2005). Gender and land reform: The Zimbabwe .xperience; McGill-Queen's UniversityPress, Montreal and Kingston. London. Ithaca
Goebel, A. (2006). Zimbabwe’s fast track land reform: What about women? Gender, place and culture. A Journal of Feminist Geography. 12(2) 145-172 DOI:10.1080/09663690500094799.
Gorgiveski - Duijvesteijn, M. J., Ascalon, M. E., & Stephan, U. (2005).Small business owners' success criteria, a Values approach to personal differences (Article). Repository Erasmus University.
Gorodnichenko, Y., & Roland, G. (2010). Cultures, institutions and the wealth of nations. CEPR Discussion Paper No 8013. Available from:
Gorodnichenko, Y., & Roland, G. (2011). Which dimensions of culture matter for long-run growth? American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 101(3), 492- 498. Available from: http://eml.berkeley.edu/ungroland/pubs/IEA%20papervf.pdf. [Accessed: 5 June 2016].
Gosh, A. (2007). Land reforms and women's nutrition: Evidence from India. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115(2), 389-430. February 2000.
Gosway, N., & Ankum, S. A. (1996). Traditional leadership and community management in Northern Ghana. In Blunt P, And Warren, Dm (Eds) Indigenous Organizational and Development Intermediate Technology Publications, London Pp 88-96.
Government of Zimbabwe Inception Phase Framework Plan 1999 to 2000: An Implementation Plan of the Land Reform and Resettlement Programme Phase 2. (1999) Harare. Technical Committee of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Resettlement and Rural Development and National Economic Consultative Forum Land Reform Task Force.
Government of Zimbabwe, (2004). Livestock policy document. Unpublished mimeo Harare.
GoZ, (2000). Constitution of Zimbabwe amendment. Harare: Government Printers.
GoZ, (2001). Ministry o lands, land reform and resettlement policy frame work. Government printers.
GoZ, (2004). Livestock policy document. Unpublished mimeo. Harare
GoZ, Livestock Development Programme (2019), National Cattle Herd by Province – 2010 – 2018
Gran, T. (2009). Land politics in the new state organisation in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 26(1),
Gran, T. (2007). Liberation regimes and land reform in Africa: Land policies transcending enmity in RSA. Public Administration and Development, 27, 1-13.
Gratwicke, B., & Stapelkamp, B. (2006). Wildlife conservation and environmental Management. In an 'Outpost of Tyranny, 'Zimbabwe Conservation Opinion-Special Report. March 2006, Vol. 3, pp.l-39.
Gray, L., & Kervane, M. (1999). Diminished access, diverted exclusion: Women and land tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Studies Review, 42(2), 15-39. Available from: http://prospectioumal.org/20l3/10/03marginalization-ol-riiral- women-in-Kenya/-[Accessed: 10 May 2014].
Grbich, C. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: An introduction (2nd ed). London thousand Oaks: SAGE
Green, (2013). South Africa and Zimbabwe a tale of two land reforms. Available from: http://www.globalresearch.ca/soputh-africa-and-zimbabwe-a-tale-of-two- land- reforms/53621667utm. [Accessed: 13 July 2016].
Greenberg, S. (2003). Land reform and transition in South Africa transformation. Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 52, 42-67.
Gregory, D. (2004). The colonial present. Oxford: Blackwell.
Griffin, K., Khan, A. R., & Ickoetz, A. (2002). Poverty and distribution of land. Journal of Agrarian of Change, 2(3), 279-330.
Gronn, P. (2000). Distributed properties: A new architecture for leadership. Educational Management and Administration, 28 (3), 317-338.
Grootaert, C. (1998). Social capital: The missing link? Social capital initiative working paper No. 3.'The World Bank Social Development family environmentally and Socially sustainable Development Network. April 1998.
Grootaert, G., Narayan, D., Nyhana, J. V., Wookock, M., Narayan, G. G., Jones, D. N., & Michael, M. (2004). Measuring social capital: An integrated questionnaire. World Bank Working Paper: no. 18. Washington, World Bank @World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15033 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO
Gupta, K. K., Attri, J. P., Singh, A., Kaur, H., & Kaur, G. (2016). Basic concepts for sample size calculation: Critical step for any clinical trials.”Saudi Journal Anaesthesia, 10(3), 328-331.
Gutek, B. A. (1991a). Commentary on - survey and other methodologies applied to IT impact research: Experiences from a comparative study of business computing' In the information systems
Guy, J. (1990). Gender oppression in Southern Africa's pre-capitalist societies. In C Walker (ed) Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945. David Phillip, Cape Town and London: James Currey.
Gyekye, K. (1997). Tradition and modernity: Philosophical reflections on the African experience. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hagedorn, K. (2004). Property rights reform on agricultural land in Central and Eastern Europe. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 43(4), 409-438. Available from: http://www.agrar.hu-berlin.de/en/institut-en/departrnents. [Accessed: 12 October, 2013].
Hailey, L. (1938). An African survey: A study of problems arising in Africa South of the Sahara. London: Oxford University Press. Available from: http://dri.Fas.nyu.edU/docs/10/l 1783/institutions.pdf. [Accessed: 11 May 2013].
Hall, R., & Kleinbooi, (2012). Complexity of leadership in land reform situations. Plaas Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of Western Cape. Available from: http:,7vvww.plaas.org.za/blog/what-are-key-complexities- that- land-reform-policy-has-so-far-failed-to-address. [Accessed: 26 May 2014].
Hall, R. (2011). The many faces of the investor rush in Southern Africa: Towards a typology of commercial land deals. 1C AS Review paper series No 2. February 2011. In ICAS and LDPI. Available from: http://www.iss.nl/icas - (Accessed 10 March 2013].
Hall, R., & Kleinbooi, K. (2012). What are the key complexities that land reform policy has so far failed to address? Paper presented at the Carnegie 3 Conference on strategies to overcome poverty and inequality, delivered on 7 September 2012. Available from: http://www.plaas.org.za/blog/what-are-key-complexities-that-land-reform-policy- has-so- far-failed-to-address? [Accessed 13 May 2015].
Hallowel, L. A. I. (1943). The nature and function of property as a social institution. Journal of Legal Political Sociology, 1, 115-38.
Hammar, A. (2008). In the name of sovereignty: displacement and state making in post- independence Zimbabwe. Journal of Contemporary African studies, 26(4), 417- 34.
Hammar, H., Raftopolous, B., & Jensen, S. (eds). (2003). Zimbabwe's unfinished business: Rethinking land, state and nation in the context of crisis. Harare Weaver Press.
Hammer, A., & Raftopolous, B. (2009). Zimbabwe's unfinished business: Rethinking land, state and nation. In Hammar, Raftopolous and Jensen. eds. Zimbabwe'sUnfinished Business. Rethinking Land, State and Nation in the Context of Crisis. Harare: Weaver Press.
Hanlon, J., Manjengwa, J., & Smart, T. (2003). Zimbabwe takes back its land. Jacana Media (Pvt) Ltd, in Available from: www.Jacana.co.za. [Accessed: 17 January 2012].
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of commons. Science,.162(3859), 1243-1248 Available from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/162/3859/1243 [Accessed: 10 February 2016].
Harrington, M. P. (2001). Public use and the original understanding of the so called taking clause. Hastings Law Journal, 53, 1245-1300.
Harrison, P., Huchzermeyer, M., & Mayekiso, M. (ed) (2013). Confronting fragmentation Housing and urban development in a democratizing society. Cape Town, University of Cape Town Press.
Harrison, R.D., Tan, S., Plotkin, J. B., Slik, F., Detto, M., Brenes, T., Itoh, A., & Davies S. J. (2013). Consequences of defaunation for a tropical tree community. 16 (5), 687-694.
Hart, S. L., & Quinn, R. E. (1993). Roles executives play: CEOs, behavioural complexity and firm performance. Human Relations, 46(5), 543-574.
Hebinck, P., Fay, D., & Kondlo, K. (2011). Land and agrarian reform in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province: Caught by continuities. Journal of Agrarian Change, 11(2), 220 -240.
Hein, S. J. (2008). Cultural psychology. Norton & Company
Heine, S. J. (2010). Cultural psychology. In handbook of Social psychology, Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindsey (ed), pp. 1423-1465.
Hellum, A. (1998). Women's human rights and African customary laws: Between universalism and relativism-individualism and communitarianism. European Journal of Development Studies, 3, 88-104.
Hennessey, J. T. (1998). Re-inventing government, does leadership make the difference? Public Administration Review, Vol. 58, 522-533.
Henning, E., Van Rensburg, W., & Smit, B. (2004). Finding your way to qualitative Research. Pretoria, Vam Schaik Publishers. ISBN 0-627-02545-5 page 179.
Hill, M., & Hupe, P. (2002). Implementing public policy: Governance in theory and in practice. London: Safe Publications.
Hirschheim, R. A. (1985). Office automation: A social and organisational perspective. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hittleman, D. R., & Simon, A. J. (1997). Interpreting educational research: An introduction for consumers of research. (2nded.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice - Hall.
Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7 (1), 81-94.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviours, and organizationsAcross Nations. 2nd edition. SAGE publications.
Hofstede. G. (1980a). Culture consequences, London: SAGE
Holbrook, M. B., & Grayson, M. W. (1986). The semiology of cinematic consumption: Symbolic consumer behaviour in Africa. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 374-381.
Holbrook, M. B. (1986). Emotion in the consumption experience: Toward a new model of the human consumer. The Journal of the role of affect in consumer behaviour-emerging theories and applications. 17-52.
Hooijberg, R. (1996). A multidirectional approach toward leadership: An extension of the conceptof behavioural complexity.' Human Relations, 49(7), 917-947.
Hooijberg, R., & Petrock, F. (1993). On cultural change: Using the competing values
framework to help leaders execute a transformational strategy. Human Resource
Management, 32 (1), 29-50.
House, R., & Howell, J. M. (1992). Personality and charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 3, 81-108.
Howell, J. J., & Avolio, B. J. (1992). The ethics of characteristic leadership: Submission or liberation? Academy of Management Executive, 6(2), 43-54. Available from: http://wvvw.scirp.org/ioumal/papercitationdetails.aspx?paperlD=60419&JournallD= 744. [Accessed; 13 May 2016]
Hudson, L. A., & Ozanne, J. L. (1988). Alternative ways of seeking knowledge in consumer-research. Journal of Consumer Research, 508-521.
Hudson. L. A., & Murray, J. B. (1986). Methodological limitations of the hedomic consumption paradigm and a possible alternative: A subjectivist approach, in advances in consumer research, 13 (ed). Richard J. LUTZ, Provo, V.T.: Association for consumer Research, pp.343-348.
Huizer, G. (1965). Community development, land, and political participation: Preliminary observations on some cases in Latin America. Rome 12, 161.
Huizer, G. (1965). Evaluating community development at the grassroots, some observations on methodology. America Indigene, 25(3), 279-301.
Hunt, T. G., & Conger, J. A. (1999). Overview charismatic and transformational leadership: Taking stock of the present and future (part 1). The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 2121-127. In: A. Haroom Akram-Lodhi, S.M. Borras Jnr, and C. Kay, eds. Land, poverty and livelihoods in an era of globalisation: perspective from developing and transition countries. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 344-82.
Hussein, R., & Company (2016). Zimbabwe indigenization law. In: Commercial Law, Mining and Investment, News, 1.7.16. In Access to land, Rural poverty, and public Action, eds. A lain de Janvry, Gustavo Gordillo, Jean-Phillippe Platteau and Sadonlet; Elisabeth, 129-150. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Isbister, J. (1993). Promises not kept: The betrayal of social change in third world, 2nd ed. KumarianPress, West Hartford, CN.
Israel, G. D. (1992). Sampling the evidence of extension program impact. Program evaluation and organizational development, IFAS, University of Florida. PEOD-5. October.
Jackson, G., & Deeg. R. (2007). Towards a more dynamic theory of capitalist variety. Oxford Journals. January, 5(1), 149-179.
Jackson, T. (2004). Management and change in Africa: A cross cultural perspective. London: Reutledge.
Jacobs, P. (2003). Support for agricultural development. Cape Town: Programme for land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, 2003. P7.
Jacobs, S. (2000). Zimbabwe: Why land reform is a gender issue. Sociological Research Outline, 5, no.2. Available from http://www.socresonline.org.Uk/5/2/jacobs.html [Accessed: 19 July 2015]
Jacobs, S. (1983). Women and land resettlement in Zimbabwe. Review of African political Economy, 27(28), 33-49.
Jacobs, S. (1989). Gender relations and land resettlement in Zimbabwe. PhD thesis, University of Sussex, Brighton 1989.
Jacobs, T. O., & Jaques, E. (1985). Leadership in complex system. Human Productivity enhancement. New York: Praeger. Organisations and Personnel.
Jacoby, H. G., & Minten, B. (2007). Is land titing in Sub-Saharan Africa cost effective? Evidence from Madagascar. The World Bank Economic Review, 21(3), 416-85.
Jager, J., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2017). More than just convenient: The scientific merits of homogeneous convenience samples. Monogr soc res child dev. 2017 Jun: 82 (2): 13-30. Doi: 10.1111/mono.12296.
Jarnagin. C., & Slocum, J. W, Jr, (2007). Creating corporate cultures through mythopoetic leadership. Organizational dynamics, 36, 288-302.
Jodha, N. S. (1992). Common property resource: A missing dimension of development strategies. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Johnson, B. (2015). Britain fouled up by failing to honour the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement which guaranteed compensation for its settlers farmers in Independent Zimbabwe. The Daily Telegraph, 23 February 2015.
Johnson, R. B., and Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (2004). Mixed methods research; a research paradigm whose time has come. Educational researcher 33 (7), 14 – 26, 2004.
Joiner, B. L. (1994). Fourth neneration management, New York: Mc Graw Hill,
Jones, M. L., Blunt, P., & Sharma, K. (1995). Managerial behaviour, organizational functioning and performance in an African public service organization. Journal of Development studies, Vol.48, No.2, pp.268-281, February 2012.
Juri Allik, A. (2004). Individualism-collectivism and social capital. Journal of Cross – Cultural Psychology. SAGE journals. January 1, 2004.https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103260381
Justus, R. (2007). The neoclassical 18 year housing cycle. The school of cooperative individualism: Where the idea of liberty thrives : SCI Library.
Kanyenze, G., Chitambara, P., & Tyson, J. (2017). Supporting economic transformation the out look for the Zimbabwean economy. DFID.
Kanyesigye, F. (2012). Rwanda reforms boost women rights. All Africa. The New Times, 22. Available from: http://allafrica.com/stories/201210220061 .html . [Accessed: 14 April 2013].
Kaplan, B., & Duchon, D. (1988). Combining qualitative and quantitave methods in information systems research: A case study.' MIS Quarterly, 12(4), 571-587.
Kariuki, S. (2004). Failing to learn from failed programmes: South Africa's communal land rights Act (CLRA 2004). Asc Working Paper 58/2004. Leiden: African studies centre. Available from: http:/7openaccess.Leidenuniv.nl/dspace/bitstream/l8887/48871/02PUB0000001753.pd f [Accessed: 17 June 2012].
Kariuki, S. (2009). Agrarian reform, rural development and governance in Africa: A case of Eastern and Southern Africa; Policy Brief 59.' Centre for Policy studies; Availablefrom: http://dspace.africapartal.org/spui/bitstream/123456789/30664/17polbrief59.pdf?1 - [Accessed: 15 March 2013].
Kasanga, K. (2003). Land resources management for agricultural development",land as a resource for development. Proceedings of the Shana Academy of Arts and Sciences, 36, 54-106.
Katz, D., & Kahn R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley, 1966.
Kellerman, B. (1984). Leadership: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Paperback—January 1, 1984.
Kelly, M. L. (2003). Academic advisers as transformational leaders. The mentor. Retrieved september 13, 2019, from http://www.psu.edu/dus/mentor/ 030101mk.htm.
Kereke S, C. B., & Williamson, C. R. (2010). Propertyless in Peru, Even with a Government Land Title. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 69. Available from: http://onlinelibrary. wiley .com/doi/ [Accessed: 11 May 2013].
Kets De Vries, M. F. R. (1994). The leadership mystique. Academy of Management Executive, 8(3), 73-89
Kevane, M. (1996). Agrarian structure and agricultural practice: Typology and application to Western Sudan. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78(1), 236-45.
Khadra, B. (1990). 'International study on management and organization,'p.37
Khumalo, R., & Ngwenya, B. (2015). Grounded theory research for masters and PhD students, principles and concepts. Graduate School of Business, NUST, Bulawayo.
Kimel, M. B. (2003). Focus group methodology. Presentation prepared for the FDA Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee meeting, Gaithers-burg, Maryland, December 4, 2003.
Kirkbride, P. S., Tanga S. F. Y., & Westwood (1991). Chinese conflict preference and negotiating behaviour: Cultural and psychological influence. Organization Studies, 12(3), 365-86.
Kish, L. (1965). Survey sampling. New York: John Wiley and sons. Inc.
Kling, R. (1991). Adapting survey methods to study social consequences of computerization: A response to attewell and rule based on five survey — based studies. In the Information Systems Research Challenge: Survey Research Methods - volume 3, (Kraemer K. L. Ed.), PP.337-350, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA. Kluckhohn, F., and Strodtbeck, F. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson,
Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross country investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (4), 1251-1288.
Knight, R. S. (2010). Statutory recognition customary land rights in Africa- an investigation into best practices for law-making and implementation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Koford, K. (2000). Citizen restraints on "Leviathan" government transition politics in Bulgaria. European Journal of Political Economy, 16(2), 307-338.
Kolawole, G. O. (1996). The Ogbomoso Parapo: A case study of an indigenous development association in Nigeria. In Blunt, P., and Warren, D.M. (eds), Indigenous OrganizationAndDevelopment, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, PP 50-5.
Kollontai, A. (1909). The social basis of the woman question. Available from: https://www.marxists.org/archive/Kollontai/1909/social-basis.htm. [Accessed: 23 June 2013].
Koopman, N. (undated). Churches and public policy discourses in South Africa. Beyers Naude Centre for Public Theology, Stellenbosch University. Available from: http://www.sun.ac.za/theology. [Accessed: 8 October 2015].
Koopman, N. (2004). The role of tradition in moral decision-making and moral consensus. In NGTT December, 45, 2004, p.838-848. Available from: Koopman, N. (undated),'Churches and public policy discourses in south Africa.' Beyers Naude centre for Public Theology, Stellenbosch University. Available from: http://www.sun.za/theology. [Accessed: 8 October 2015].
Kothari, C. (2005). Research methodology methods and techniques. New Delhi : New Age International Publishers.
Kotter J. P. (1988). The leadership factor. New York: The Free Press.
Kotter, J. P. (1990). A force for change: How leadership differs from management. New York: The Free Press
Kotter, J. P., & Heskett, J. L. (1992). Corporate culture and performance, www.amazon.com/corporate-culture-performance-iohn- kotter/dp/145165320. [Accessed: 13 June 2013].
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2006). A leader's legacy. Available from: http://leadershipnew.com/leadership/078-7982962excerpt.html. [Accessed: 4 August 2012].
Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (1990). Leadership practices inventory: A self-assessment and analysis.Pfeifer and company. San Diego, CA.
Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (2006). The leadership challenge (4lljed.). San Francisco CA: Jossey -Bass.Available from:
http://leadershipnew.com/1eadership/0787982962excerpt.htrnl. [Accessed; 4 August 2012].
Kozan, N. K. (1992). Theory and research conflict management. 'http://www.vnseameo.org/zakir/iran.pdf [Accessed: 22 January 2011].
Krejcie, R. V., & Daryle, W. M. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities.'Education psycho meas, 30, 3, 607-10, Aut 70.
Kriger, M., & Zhovtobryukh, Y. (2013). Rethinking strategic leadership: Stars, clans, teams and networks. Journal of Strategy and Management Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 6(4), 411-432.
Krus, D, J., & Blackman, H. S. (1988). Test reliability and homogeneity from perspective of the ordinal test theory. Applied Measurement in Education, 1, 79-88
Kujawila, R. (2004). Securing rights for land: A priority for Africa. In Quan. J., Feitan, S., Toulmin, C. (Eds.), ‘Proceedings and summary of conclusions from the land in Africa Conference,’ Land in Africa Market Asset or Secure Livelihood?’ London, November, 8-9, 2004, Natural Resource Institute, pp. 9-10.,
Kurebwa, J. (2013), “Rural Women’s Representation and Participation in Local Governance in the Masvingo and Mashonaland Central Provinces of Zimbabwe (2013), Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.
Kutcher, G. P., & Scandizzo, P. L. (1981). The agricultural economy of Northeast Brazil. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Lahiff, E., & Cousins. B. (2002). The land crisis in Zimbabwe viewed from South of the Limpopo. 1(4), 652-666.
Lahiff, E. (2001). Redistributive land reform and poverty reduction in South Africa. Programme for land and Agrarian Studies? University of the Western Cape. A working paper for the research project on 'Livelihoods after Land Reform.
Lahiff, E. (2003). Land reform and sustainable livelihoods in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province:In sustainable livelihoods in Southern Africa programme? Research paper series. Brighton, Sussex: Institute of Development studies.
Lahiff, E. (2007). Willing buyer, willing seller, South Africa's failed experiment in market – led
Landesa - Rural Development Institute (2015). Land wise: A women and land library. Land Post - 2015. Available from: http://www.lande-sa.org/?gclid=CN3x 17p-zr4C- [Accessed - 28 May 2014].
Lands, D. (1998). The wealth and poverty of nations. London: Little, Brown and Company.
Langmaid, R., & Gordon, W. (1988). Qualitative market research: A practitioner's and buyer's guide. Gower Publishing Company.
Larson, D. F., Otsuka, K., Matsumoto, T., & Kilic, T. (2012). Should African dural development strategies depend on small holder farms? An exploration of the inverse productivity relationship. Policy research working Paper 6190, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Larsson, R. (1993). Case survey methodology: Quantitative analysis of patterns across case studies. The Academy of Management Journal, December, 36(6), 1515-1547. Available from; (online) VRL: Available from: http://www.jstor.org/sTable/256820. [Accessed: 13 June 2013]
Lassister, J. E. (1999).African culture and personality: Bad social science, effective social activism, or a call to reinvent ethnology. Available from: http://web.arrica.ufi.edu/asq/v3/v3i2al.htm [Accessed: 12 March 2012].
Lawrence, P., & Lorsch, J. (1967). Differentiation and integration in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, , Vol.12, 1-30.
Led, J. J. (1980). The applicability of the magnetization - transfer NMR technique to determine chemical exchange rates in extreme cases. Journal of Magnetic Resonance. Elsevier.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Practical research: Planning and design. Journal of Social Development, 12 (1), 121-132.
Leedy. P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2001). Practical research planning and design. 7th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Lehrer, J. (2004). Land redistribution in Southern Africa: The economic impact of land reform.[Online] PBS News hour Article, 14 April 2004.
Lehrer, K. (2001). Communarianism, individualism and consensus. Springer. The journal of ethics, 5, 2(2001), 105-120. Available from: URL:http//www.jstor.org/sTable/25115683 [Accessed 29 November 2015].http://www.plaas.org.za/blog/what-are-key-complexities-that-landreform- policy- has-so-far-failed-to-address [Accessed: 26 May 2014].
Lehrer, K. (2011). Self - trust and social truth. Volume 116 of the series philosophical studies series pp 119-132. (28 April, 2011). Available from: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-1266-9 7. [Accessed 17 June 2015].
Lenneiye, N. M. (2000). Quest for a corporate African leadership: Public sector case studies from Southern Africa. Harare: Nehanda Publishers (Pvt) Ltd.
Leonard, D. K. (1998). Secrets of African managerial success,. IDS Bulletin, 19( 4), 35-41.
Levin, R., & Weiner, D. (eds) (1997). No more tears; struggles for land in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Trenton, N. J. Africa World Press.
Li, C. (2008). HuJintao's land reform: Ambition, ambiguity, and anxiety. LI, China leadership Monitor, No.27.
LI. T. M. (2001). Boundary work: Community market and state reconsidered. In A. Agarwal, and C.C. Gibson (eds.), communities and the environment: Ethinicity, gender, and the State in Community based conservation (pp. 157-179). Picataway, N J: Rutgers University press.
Lin, A. C. (1998). Bridging positivist and interpretivist approaches to qualitative methods. Policy Studies Journal, 26, 162-180. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j:1541 -0072.1998.tb01931.x
Lin, N. (2001). Social capital, a theory of social structure and action: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lipton, M. (1993). Land reform as commercial business. The evidence against stopping world development? Elsevier, 2, 641-657.
Lipton, M. (2009). Land reform in developing countries. Property rights and property wrongs, priorities for Development Economics. New York, NSA: Routledge.
Locher, M.A. (2013). Relational work and interpersonal pragmatics. DO.10.1016/j.pragma.2013.09.014. VL-58.JO.Journal of pragmatics.SP.145 – 149.
Lok, P., & Crawford, J. (1999). The relationship between commitment and organisational culture, subculture, leadership style and job satisfaction in organisational change and developmen.'Leadership and Organisational Development, 20(7), 365- 377.
Lokaneeta, J. (2001). Alexandra kollantai and Marxist feminism. Economic and Political weekly.36(17), -1412.
Long, N. (2001). An introduction to the sociology of rural development, London: Tavistock Publications.
Lopez-Claros, A., & Perrotti, V. (2014). Does culture matter for development? Let's talk Development.' [Online] 12 September 2014. Available from: Lord, R.G., De Vader, C.L., & Alliger, G. M. (1991). A meta-analysis of therelation between personality perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 402-410.
Lubin, G. (2014). Leadership styles around the business world. Available from: http://www.businessinsider.com/leadership-styles-around-the-world-2013-12. [Accessed: 6 February 2016].
Lubin, L. (2014). 5 places trans people don't exist. Huffpost Queer Voices. Available from: http://www.huffiniJtonpost.com/cauren/trans-people b 4870501 .html. [Accessed: 8 March 2016.
Lucey, T. (1979). Quantitative techniques, Winchestor: DP Publications.
Lucey, T. A., & Ginannangelo, D. M. (2006). Short changed> The importance of facilitating equiTable financial education urban society may 1, 2006
Lund, C., & Sikor, T. (2009). Access and property: A question of power and authority. Development and Change, 40(1), 1-22.
Lund, C. (2008). Local politics and the dynamics of property in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lynch, C. B. (1983). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation: Two terms in search of a meaning. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 5(4), 461-464.
Maclntyre, A. (1988). Whose justice? Which rationality^ London: Duckworth.
Makgoba, M. W. (lsted) (1997). Mokoko: The Makgoba affair: A reflection on transformation. Florida Hills, RSA: Vivlia publishers.
Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and subject: The legacy of late colonialism in Africa.Princeton, New York: Princeton University Press.
Mamdani, M. (2008). Lessons from Zimbabwe. London Review of Books.
Mangaliso, M. (2001). Building competitive advantage from Ubuntu: Management lessons from South Africa? Academy of Management Executive, 15 (3), 23-33.
Manji, A. (2001).Land reform in the shadow of the State: The implementation of new land laws inSub-Saharan Africa. In Third World Quarterly, 22(3),
Manji, A. (2006). Feminist legal studies - Remortgaging women's live The World Bank's Land Agenda in Africa. 2(2), pp.139-162.
Maodza, T. (2016). Court slams JSC over interviews. Nehanda radio [Online]. Available from: http://nehandaradio.com/20 6112/21 /court-slams-JSC-over- interviews/[Accessed: 22 December 2016].
Marimira, S. C. (2010). Livelihoods after land reform in Zimbabwe, working paper 6 — Institutions, leadership and Service Delivery in new resettlement areas of Zimbabwe.'June 2010). Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe and Land Tenure Centre, University of Wiscousin, Madison, USA. 259-268.
Marongwe, N. (2009). Interrogating Zimbabwe's FTLRP: A focus on beneficiary selection. Thesis(PhD). University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
Marongwe, N. (2003). Conflicts over land and other natural resources in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Zero Regional Environment Organisation.
Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family practice13: 522-526. doi:10. 1093/fampra/13.6.522.
Martins. R. (2018). Henry George, the injustice of private property in land- KU scholar works.
Mathis, S. M. (2007). The politics of land reform: Tenure and political authority in rural Kwazulu-Natal. Journal of Agrarian Change, 7(1), 99-120.
Matondi, P. (2001). The struggle to land and water resources in Zimbabwe: The case of ShamvaDistrict. Doctoral Thesis, Swedish, University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
Matondi, P. (ed) (2010). Inside the political economy of redistributive land and agrarian reforms in Mazoe, Shamva and Mangwe Districts in Zimbabwe. Ruzivo Trust, Harare.
Matondi, P. B. (2008a). The question of tenure and land rights in the resettled areas in Mazoe District in Zimbabwe. Mimeo. Harare, Zimbabwe: Ruzivo Trust.
Matondi, P. B. (2008b). Institutional and policy issues in the context of the land reform and resettlement programme in Zimbabwe. In C.T. Khombe and L. R. Ndlovu (eds). The livestock sector after the fast track land reforms in Zimbabwe. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: Institute of Rural Technologies.
Matondi, P. B. (2012). Zimbabwe's fast track land reform. London, UK: Zed Books Ltd,
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Designing qualitative study. In L. Bickman and D. J. Rog (eds), Handbook of applied social research methods (pp.66-100) Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Mbaya, H. (2011). Social capital and the imperatives of the concept and life of Ubuntu in the South African context. Scriptura, 106, pp 1-8.
Mbeki, T. (2016). South Africa's policy towards Zimbabwe - A synopsis. Available from: http://www.thabombekifoundation.org.za. [Accessed: 15 March 2016].
McCaig, C. (2010). Research and evaluation design. In L. Dahlberg and C. McCaig (eds.). Practical Research and Evaluation: A start-to-finish Guide for Practitoners. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.
McCracken, G. (1986). Culture and consumption: A theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 71-84.
Mckillip, J. (1987). Need analysis: Tools for the human service and education. Applied Social Research Methods series, Volume. 10. Thousand Oaks, CA: Safe Publications.
McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2001). Research in education: A conceptual introduction (5lhed.) New York: Addison Welsley Longman.
McNamara, D. (2000). New England Journal of Medicine. 343, 1388-1398.
Mearns, R. (2015), Commons and collectives: The lack of social capital in Central Asia's land reforms.' Available from: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/wp40.pdf. [Accessed: 26 December-2015].
Meinzen-Dick, R. S., Brown, L. R., Feldsetin, H. S., & Quisumbing, A. R. (1997). Gender, property rights and natural resources. World Development, 25 (8),
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study application in education: Revised and expanded from case study research in education. San Fransisco; Jossey- Bass.
Mgugu, A., & Chimonyo, R. (2004). Land reform and gender in Zimbabwe. In Masiwa, M. (ed),Post-Independence Land reform in Zimbabwe: Controversies and impact on the economy, Friedrick Ebert Stiftung, Institute of Development Studies and University of Zimbabwe, Harare.
Mick, D. G. (1986). Consumer research and semiotics: Exploring the morphonology of signs, symbols, and significance. Journal of Consumer Research, September, 13, 196- 213.
Migot-Adholla, S. E., Hazell, P., Blarel, B., & Place, F. (1991). Indigenous land rights systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: A constraint on productivity? The World Bank economic Review, 5(1), 155-75.
Migot-Adholla, S. E., & Place, F. (1998). The economic Effects of land registration on small holder farms in Kenya: Evidence from Nyeri and Kakamega Districts. Land Economics, 74 (3), 360-73.
Miller, L. F. (1972). Agricultural credit and finance in Africa. The rock feller foundation.
Mitchell, M. (1936). Gone ith the Wind. Available from:http://www.atlantahistorycentre.com/about/gone-wind. [Accessed : 12 April 2016].
Mlambo, A.S. (2000). Focus on History. Book 4. Harare. College Press Publishers.
Moghaddam, R. (2001). Land reform and rural development in Iran. University of Wisconsin Press.
Mohammed, K. A., Othman, J., & Lawrence d Silva, J. (2012). Social demographic factors that influence transformational leadership styles among Top management in selected organization in Malysia. Asian Social Science. 8 (13). Doi: 10.55.39/ass. P. 51.
Molchanov, M. A. (2016). Classical Eastern and Western traditions of political leadership:the Ashgate research companion to political leadership. Routledge.
Molchanov, M. A. (2010). Strategic relationships in post-communist foreign policies. In R.A. Denmark (ed), The international studies encyclopaedia, Vol. X (pp.6629-6656. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. (co-authored with J. Strakes and D. J. Galbreath).
Molchanov, M. A. (2002). Political culture and national identity of Russian-Ukranian Relations. (College Station TX; Texas A & M University Press).
Mombeshora, D. (2016). Speech by minister of lands and rural resettlement at the Zimbabwe national chamber of commerce annual congress, Elephant Hill, Victoria Falls, 29 June to 1 July. Available from: http://www.zbc.co.zw/index.php/new-Catego
Montgomery, J. D. (1987). Probing managerial behaviour: Image and reality in southern Africa.World Development,. 15(7), 911-29.
Mookhrjee, D. (1997). Informational rents and property rights in land. In property relations, incentives and welfare, Edited by J. Romer, 3 -39. New York: Macmillan.
Morrison, J. (2012). Women on the left: Alexandra kolloantai. February 11, 2012.
Mouton, E. B. J. (1996) Understanding social research. Pretoria: Van Schaik. In Kurebwa, J., PhD Thesis, "Rural Women's Representation and Participation in Local Governance in the Masvingo and Mashonaland Central Provinces of Zimbabwe (2013).
Mouton, E. B. J., & Prczesky, P. V. B. (2001). The practice of social research. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. In Kurebwa J., PhD Thesis, "Rural Women's Representation and Participation in Local Governance in the Masvingo and Mashonaland Central Provinces of Zimbabwe (2013).
Moyana, H. (1994). The political economy of land in Zimbabwe. Gweru: Mambo Press.
Moyana, H., & Sibanda, M. (1991). The African reritage. Harare, Zimbabwe: Educational Books (Pvt) Ltd.
Moyo, P. (2009). Land reform in Zimbabwe and urban livelihoods transformation. Livelihoods after land Reform in Zimbabwe, working paper 15.'Available from: Moyo, S. (2011). Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe. Journal of Peasant studies, 38 (3), 493 -531. London. WIT 3 JH, UK.
Moyo, S. (1995). The land question in Zimbabwe. Harare: SAPES Books.
Moyo, S. (1998). The land acquisition process in Zimbabwe (1997/8), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Harare.
Moyo, S. (2000). The political economy of land acquisition and redistribution in Zimbabwe. 1990-1999. Journal of Southern African Studies, 26(1), 5-28.
Moyo, S. (2001). The land occupation movement and democratization in Zimbabwe: Contradictions of neo-liberalism. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 30(2), 311 -30).
Moyo, S. (2005). Land Policy, poverty reduction and public action in Zimbabwe. ISS/UNDP Land Poverty and Public Action Policy Paper No. 11, The Hague, the Netherlands and New York, NY.
Moyo, S. (2011). “ Three Decades of Agrarian Reform in Zimbabwe – Journal of peasant studies, 38;3,routledge.8 July 2011, 493-531.London.Wit 3 JH.UK
Moyo, S., & Yeros, P. (2009). Zimbabwe ten years on: Results and prospects. Available from: http://www.pambazuka.org/en/categorv/features/54037. [Accessed: 3 July2010].
Moyo, S. et al., (2009). Fast track land reform Baseline survey in Zimbabwe (Harare, Zimbabwe.'African Institute for Agrarian Studies, 2009) Availablefrom: http://www.academia.edu/7433650/lntroduction_ Roots of_the Fast_Track_Land Reform in Zimbabwe - [Accessed: 13 January 2014].
Mugabe, R. G. (2016). Speech by H.E. President R.G. Mugabe, ZANU(PF) President and First Secretary, as well as patron of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association, to a Meeting of War Veteran, war collaboraters and other wings of the ruling party at the ZANU(PF) Headquarters, Harare: 27 July.
Mugabe, R. G. (1980). Independence Day speech at the National Sports Stadium to mark Zimbabwe’s 31st Independence Anniversary: 18 April 2012. Available from: http://www.zbc.co.zw/news_categories/opinioiv'18369__President__Mugabe_1980_independ ence_s peech. [Accessed: 10 April 2012].
Mugabe, R. G. (2013). Independence Day speech at the national sports stadium to mark Zimbabwe 33nl Independence Day celebrations. Harare: 18 April.
Mugabe, R. G. (2014). Independence Day speech at the national sports stadium to mark the 34th Independence Day Anniversary. Harare: 18 April.
Mugabe, R. G. (2016). Speech at the 71st session of the United Nation's General Assembly at the UN Headquarters: in New York, 13 — 17 September. mugabe+delayed+land+goals+help+sa/news.aspx. [Accessed: 15 May 2016].
Mukherjee, T. (2018). Why is land the most important resource for humans. Quora.
Muller, D., & Sikor, T. (2009). The limits of state-led land reform: An introduction. World Development, 37(8), 1307-1316.
Munyuki-Hungwe, M. N. (2011). In search of community' in Zimbabwe's fast track resettlement area of Mazowe District. Lund University, Sweden.
Murdock, G. P. (1965). Culture and society. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Mutizwa - Mangiza, N. D. (1989). Decentralisation in Zimbabwe: Problems of planning at District level. RVP occasional Paper No. 16. Department of Rural and Urban Planning, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Muzondidya, J. (1996). The state, local government, local capital and the residential segregation of minorities', the case of coloureds and Indians in Salisbury, 1890- 1945. MA.Dissertation, University of Zimbabwe.
Muzvidziwa, V. (2007). Ethics what about ethics? Preparing social science students in lifelong research work. Ikamva International Journal of Social Science and Humanities, In search of 'community' In Zimbabwe's Fast Track Resettlement Area of Mazowe District by Mabel Ndakaipa Munyuki-Hungwe.
Muzvondiya, J. (2009). From buoyancy to crisis 1980-1997. In Raftopolous, B. and Mlambo A.S. (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-Colonial period to 2008, Weaver Press, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Myers, M. D. (2009). Qualitative research in business and management. London: SAGE publications.
Naidoo, G. (2006). Developing leadership and adopting an African leadership model for the improvement of public services in South Africa. UNISA.
Naidoo, G. (2009). Strengthening senior management skills in the South African public service: A rational for strategic leadership. Journal of Public Administration, 44(l), 4-14.
Ncube, W., & Stewart, J. (1997). Paradigms of exclusion: Women's access Jo resources in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Women and Law in Southern Africa Research Trust.
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2009). Mapping cultural and colonial counters, 1880s-1930s. In Raftopolous, B. And Mlambo, A.S. (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe. A history from the pre-colonial period to 2008,Weaver Press, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Nelson, (2018). The impact of leaders on organizational culture. Interact-intranet.com
Nesbary, D. (2000). Survey research and the Worldwide Web. Needham Heights. ACM Digital Library.
Neuman, W. (2000). Social science research methods qualitative and quantitate approaches, USA: Allyn and Bacon.
News 24 (2016). Mugabe held back on land for South Africa's sake, says Mbeki. 22 February. Available from: http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-27847-
Ng'ombe, A., ∧ Keivani, R. (2013). Customary land reform to facilitate private investment and limitations. Urban forum. 24(1), 33-48.
Nkomo, S. M. (2006). Images of African leadership and management in organisation studies. Tensions, Contradictions and Re-visions. UNISA.
North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press pp-152. . Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003x7579e/x7579e03.htm. [Accessed : 8 October 2013].
North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. 1981.
Northhouse, P. G. (2007). Leadership theory and practice 4th edition. California. Thousand Oaks: SAGE publications.
Northouse, P. G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and practice. Amazon, UK. Available from:http://www.amazon.co.uk/leadership__practice__Peter_G_Northouse/dp/0761925 x. [Accessed: 2 May 2013].
Ntsebeza, L. (2003). Democracy in South Africa countryside: Is there a role for traditional authorities? Development update, 4, 53-80
Ntsebeza, L., & Hall, R. (2006). The land question in South Africa: The challenge of transformation and redistribution, Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Nyasani, P. J. (1997). The African psyche. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Theological Printing Press Ltd.
Nzelibe, C. O. (1986). “The evolution of Africa management through. International Studies of Management and Organizational 16(2). 6-16.
Nzimakwe T. I. (2004). Practising Ubuntu and leadership for good governance-The South African and continental dialogue. African Journal of Public Affairs, 7(4) .
Obeng-Odoom, F. (2011).'Land reforms in Africa: Theory practice and outcome. Habitat International, 36 161-170,
Odero, W. (2018). 2018 African economic outlook- Zimbabwe Country Note 2. African Development Bank Group.
O'Flaherty, M. (1998). Communal tenure in Zimbabwe: Divergent models of collective land holding in the communal areas. Africa, 68, (4) 537-57.
Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000) Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: Empirical evidence from UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11 (4), 766-788.
Ogburn, W. F. (1966). Social change: With respect to cultural and original nature.Amazon.UK.
DOI:10: 1080/15555240.2016.1273 782. 2016 . 1273.3782
OIE-world organization for animal health (2019). World animal health information database interface. https://www.oie.int>data-after-2004. Accessed 10 August 2019
Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O. (2000). Legislative approaches to customary tenure and tenure reform in East Africa. In C Toulmin and J Quan (eds) evolving land rights, policy and tenure in Africa.
Oliver, G. (2014). Zimbabwe’s women farmers on the rise. The new humanitarian, 27 May 2014. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org>news. Accessed 21 September, 2019.
Oluseyi, A. S., & Ayo, H. (2009). Influence of work motivation, leadership effectiveness and time management on employees' performance in some selected industries in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 16, 7-17.
Opono, S. (2012). Challenges in the implementation of land reform policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. A comparative study of Botswana, Eritrea, and Zimbabwe. A Dissertation submitted in Partial fulfilment of the Requirements for a Master of Arts in Peace and Development Work. August, 2012, Linnaeus University School of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Development Studies, Master's Thesis (4FU4DE).
Orlowski, A. P. (2017). A democracy’s primer - balancing individual rights and the common good. Daily news February 23, 2017. https://www.greensburgdailynews.com.
Ostrom, E. (2001). The puzzle of counterproductive property rights reforms: A conceptual analysis.
Ostrom, E., & A. H. N., T. K. (2008). Social capital and collective action. In the Handbook of Social Capital. D. Castiglione et al., eds. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
OWUSU - Amoah, D. (2012). The importance of culture for national development. Feature Article [Online] 18 September 2012 13:04 GET. Available from: Owusu, G. A. (2008). Land tenure dynamics and livelihood: A comparison of theCentral and Volta Regions of Ghana using logistic regression analysis. Studies in Gender and Development in Africa, September, 1, 34-57
Oysterman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmerlmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and Meta- analyses.' Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72.
Paeniu, B. (1995). Traditional governance and sustainable development in the pacific research school of Asian and Pacific studies. Canberra. The Australian National University.
Paldam, M., & Svendsen, G. T. (2000). Missing social capital and the transition in Eastern Europe. University of Aarhus.
Palmer, R. (2000). Land policy in Africa: Lessons from recent policy and implementation processes. In C Toulmin and J Quan (eds) evolving land rights, policy and tenure in Africa. DFID/IED/NRI, London.
Pantuliano, S. (2007). The land question: Sudan's peace nemesis. Overseas Development Institute, Humanitarian Policy Group.
Pattern, D. M. (2004). Environmental disclosures, regulatory costs and changes in firm value. Journal of Accounting and Economics. Elsevier.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research Methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
Paula, N., & WIM, N. (2014). Non-farm enterprises in rural Africa: New empirical evidence. Policy Research Working Paper. The World Bank. 1(16).
PBS News hour (2013). Economic and strategic significance in Kaesong closing. April 3, 2013 at 6:05PM EDT. Available from: http://www.pbs.ora/newshour/bb/africa/land/economic.html.
Pedersen, R. H. (2012). Decoupled implementation of new wave land reforms: Decentralisation and local governance of land in Tanzania. Danish Institute for International studies, Copernhagen.
Pedersen, R. H. (2014). New wave land reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa market-friendly, post- cold war reforms, in particular reforms in Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya.Available from: http://wwwdiis.dk/files/mediayexperts/cv/rhp_cv.pdf (Accessed: 19 June 2015).
Peil, M. (1982). Research methods: An African handbook. London: Chaucer Press.
Perdersen, R. H. (2014). Institutionalisation of Sub-Saharan Africa's land reforms: The way forward. DIIS Policy Brief, February 2014: Available from: http://www.diis.dk/files/media/p-[Accessed: 10 August 2014].
Pereira. A. (2011). Land reforms give voice to rural women in Nepal - one World South Asia. Available from: http://www.southasia.oneworld.net/nevvs/land-reforms-give-voice-to-rural-women-in-nepal. [Accessed: on 10/03/14].
Perryer, C., & Jordan, C. (2005). The influence of leader behaviours on organizational commitment: A study in the Australian public sector. International Journal of Public Administration, 25(5), 3 79-3 96.
Peter, J. P., & Olson, J. C. (1983) Is marketing science. American marketing association. The Journal of Marketing, 47(4) 111-125. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/sTable/1251404. [Accessed: 07 May 2011 .
Peter, P. (2004). Inequality and social conflict over land in Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change,4(3): 269-314.
Peterman, A., Behrman, J., & Quisumbing, A. (2010). A review of empirical evidence on gender difference in non/ and agricultural inputs, technology and services in developing countries. IFPRI Discussion paper 00975 (May 2010).
Peters, P. E. (2009). Challenges in land tenure and land reform in Africa: Anthropological contributions, World Development, 37(8), 1317-1325.
Peters, B. L., & Peters, J. E. (1988). Women and land tenure dynamics in pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial Zimbabwe. Journal of Public and International Affairs- Princeton, 9, 183-208.
Peters, P. (1995). Uses and abuses of concept of female-headed households research on agrarian transformation and policy on agrarian transformation and policy. In DF Bryceson (ed) Women Wielding the Hoe. Lessons from Rural Africa for Feminist Theory and Development Practice, Berg Publishers, Oxford and Washington D.C.
Petrie, R., Roth, M., & Mazvimavi, K. (2003). Seeking women land owners and ownership in Zimbabwe: Case studies of women's access to land and land use. In F. Gonese and M. Roth (eds). Delivering land and securing rural livelihoods: post-Independence land resettlement in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe, and Madison, USA: Centre for Applied Social Sciences (CASS) University of Zimbabwe, and Land Tenure Center, University of Wiscousin.
Pfeffer, J. (1992). Managing with power: Politics and influence in organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Phelan, K. P. (1998). Hierarchical leadership behaviours of USAF majors at air command and staff college. April. Air Command and Staff College (Air University).
Phillip, L. J. (1998). Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches to social research in human Geography: An impossible mixture? Environment and Planning, 30(2), 261- 276.
Pilosoff, R. (2012). The unbearable whiteness of being-farmers' voices from Zimbabwe. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.
Place, F. (2009). 'Land tenure and agricultural productivity in Africa: A comparative analysis of the economics literature and recent policy strategies and eforms. World Agro Forestry Centre, Nairobi; Kenya 21 May 2009. Available from:
Plateau, J. P. (2000). Institutions, social norms and economic development. Harwood Academic Publishers, Newark, New Jersey.
Platteau, J. P (2008). The evolutionary theory of land rights as applied to Sub-Saharan Africa: A critical assessment, 27(1), 29-86.
Potts, D. (2000). Urban unemployment and migrants in Africa: Evidence from Harare 1985 -94. Developing and Change, 31.
Poulton C., Davies, R., Matshe, I., & Urey. (2002). A review of Zimbabwe's agricultural economic polices: 1980-2000. Department for International Development, London.Proceedings and summary of conclusions from the land in Africa conference a land in Africa market assets or secure live hood London November 8-9, 2004, natural resource institute, PP-9-10.
Prosterman, R. (2000). Implementation of 30-year land use rights for fanners under China's 1998 land management law: An analysis and recommendations based on a 17- province survey. Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 8 (3) (September 2000). Available from: http://www.law.washington.edu/Directory/profile.aspx?ID=107&vw=pubs [Accessed: 2 March 2015].
Punch, K. F. (1998). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
Putnam R. D. (1995a). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65-78.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster. Available from: http://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/content/the-collapse-and-revival-ofAmerican- Coinmunity-New-York Simon & Schuster. [Accessed: 9 June 2012].
Putnam, R. D. (2001) Social capital: Measurement and consequences. Isuma: Canadian Journal of Policy Research (internet). 2001; 2 (Spring 2001): pp.41:51. Available from: http://scholar.harvard.edu/robertputnairi/publications/social-capital-measurement- and- consequences.
Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003x7579e/x7579e03.htm. [Accessed: 3 August 2013].
Pye, L. W. (1992). Spirit of Chinese politics new edition. Harvard University Press.
Quan, J. (2000). Land boards as a mechanism for the management of land rights in Southern Africa. In C Toulmin and Quan, J (eds) evolving land rights, policy and tenure in Africa. DFID/IED/NRI, London.
Quinn, & Rorbaugh, (1983). Competing values framework. Available from: http://competing-values.com/leading-change-and-innovation [Accessed: 8 May 2012].
Raftopoleus, B. (1996). 'Zimbabwe: Race and nationalism in a post-colonial state. Sapes, Harare. Raftopouleus, B. and Mlambo, A. (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe: A history from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Harare, Zimbabwe: Weaver press.
Redding, S. G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism,.Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York, NY.
Reddy, C. (2016). Focus groups: Features, advantages and disadvantages. Wise step. Content wise step.com.
Renwick, R. (2000). Hopes fade in 20 years since independence, Times newspapers LTD. 18 April 2000. Available from: http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/old/aprill9.htmHl. [Accessed: 17 May 2014].
Research challenge: Survey research methods, (Kraemer K.L Ed.), 3,317-322, Havard Business School Press, Boston. MA.
Ribot, J. (2002). Democratic decentralization of natural resources: Institutionalizing popular participation. World Resources Institute, Washington DC, p30.
Richardson, C. (2004). The collapse of Zimbabwe in the wake of the 2000-2003 land reforms. Lewiston, USA: Edwin Mollen Press.
Richardson, C. (2005). The loss of property rights and the collapse of Zimbabwe. CATO Journal 25: Available from: http://www.cato.org.pubs/journal/ci25ne/ci25n3-12.pdf. [Accessed: 10 May 2013].
Riddell Commission, Government of Zimbabwe (1981). Report of the commission of inquiry into incomes, prices and conditions of service. Harare: Government printers.
Rohrbach, D. D. (1989). The growth of smallholder maize production in Zimbabwe: Causesand implications for food security. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1989.
Roling, N. (1997). The soft side of land. 1TC Journal 3 and 4 (Special congress issue), pp.248-62.Rose-Ackermann, S. 92001), 'Trust and honesty in post-socialist societies. Kyklos, 54(213),.415-444.
Rosset, P. et al., (2006). Agrarian reform in the context of food sovereignty, the right to food and cultural diversity: land, territory and dignity. Action Network.
Rost, J. C. (1991). Leadership for the 21s' Century. New York: Praeger.
Roth, M., & John, B. (1994). Land tenure agrarian structure, and comparative land use efficiencyin Zimbabwe: Options for land tenure reform and redistribution. Madison: Land Tenure Center. Roth, M. (1990), Analysis of agrarian structure and land use patterns in Zimbabwe. Background paper prepared for World Bank Agricultural Sector Memorandum. Washington, USA: World Bank.
Rubin, G., (1975). The traffic in women: Notes on the 'political economy' of sex. In Towardan Anthropology of Women, R. Reiter (ed.). New York: Monthly Review Press.
Rudman, M. (2013). South Africa land reforms, discriminate against women. Afro news, 12 May.
Rugube, L. et al., (2003). Land transactions monitoring and evaluation of public and private land markets in redistributing land in Zimbabwe. Paper prepared for Land Tenure Center, University of Winscousin-Madison and Centre for Applied Social Science, university of Zimbabwe.
Rukuni, (2012). Why the land issue continues to define Zimbabwe's past, present and future. Available from: http://www.sokwanele.com/this_is_Zimbabwe/archives/7457-20/09/12. [Accessed: 14 August 2014].
Rukuni, M. (2012). My perspective on the on-going preparations for a national land audit.
Rukuni, M. (2007). Being Afrikan-rediscovering the traditional Unhu-Ubuntu-Botho pathways of being human. Arcadia. Mandala Publishers.
Rukuni, M., Tawonezvi, P., Eicher, C., Munyuki -Hungwe, M., & Matondi, P. B. (eds). (2006). Zimbabwe's agricultural revolution. Second Edition. Harare, Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe Publications.
Ruscio, K. P. (2004). The leadership dilemma in modern democracy. Cheltenham,Northampton: Edward Elgar.
Sachikonye, L. M. (2004). The promised land: From expropriation to reconciliation and jambanja. In B. Raftopolous and T. Savage (eds). Zimbabwe: Injustice and political reconciliation. Cape Town, South Africa — Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.
Sadomba, W. (2008). War veterans in Zimbabwe: Complexities of a liberation movement in an African post - colonial settler society. Thesis (PhD). Wageningin University Netherlands.
Salami, A., & Arawono, D. F. (2013). Empirical analysis of agricultural credit in Africa: Any role for Institutional factors! African Development Bank Group (Working Paper Series). No. 192.
Salami, O. A., & Arawono, F. D. (2006 a). The sources, utilisation and challenges of agricultural credits by farmers in Okitipupa Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Economic Thought, l, 49-66.
Salant, P., & Dillman, D. A. (1994). How to conduct your own survey. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
Sandbrook, R., & A. M., J. (1979). The laboring poor and urban class formation: The case of Less Accra. The International Journal of African Historical studies, 12(1), 83- 95.
Sandbrook, R., & A. M. J. (1977). The labouring poor and urban class formation: The case of less Accra, centre for developing studies, McGill, Geneva.
Sandel, M. (1982). Liberalism and the limits of justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Saravia-Matus, S. L., & Saravia-Matus, J. (2009). Agrarian reform: Theory and practice. The Nicaraguan Experience. Encuentro 2009/Ario XLI, 84, 21-43.
Satana, S., Torhonen, M., Anand, A., & Adlington, G. (2014). Economic impact of 20 years of E.C.A land registration projects. paper prepared for presentation at the annual
World Bank conference on “ land and poverty” the World Bank, Washington DC, March 24-27, 2014.
Saville, D. J. (2003). Basic statistics and-inconsistency of multiple comparison procedures. 57(3), 167 -75.
Schein, E. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership. San Fransico: Wiley and Sons.
Schein, E. H. (1992). Organisational culture and leadership (ed). San Fransico: Jerssey - Bass.
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organisational Culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass; 4th Edition. (16 August 2010).
Schimmoeller, L. J. (2010). Leadership styles in competing organisational cultures. Kravis leadership Institute, Leadership Review, 10, 125-141.
Schlatter, R. B. (1951). Private property: The history of an Idea. London: Allen and Unwin, pp. - 283.
Schmidt, E. (1991). Patriarchy, capitalism and the colonial state in Zimbabwe. Signs Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16(4), 732-56.
Schneider, B., Bowen, D. E., Ehrhart, M. G., & Holcombe, K. M. (2000). The Climate for service: Evolution of a construct. In N.M. Ashkanasy, C. P. Wilderom, and M.F. Peterson (eds.) Handbook of organizational culture and climate (pp.21-36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Scoones, I., Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarimba, F., Mahenehene, J., & Sukume, C. (2010), Zimbabwe's land reform: Myths and realities. Harare: Weaver press.
Scoones, I. (2010). Zimbabwe's land reform ten year on: New study dispels the myths. Institute of Development Studies. Available from: http://www.lds.ac.uk/go/news/zimbabwe-s-land-reform-ten-years-on-nevv-study- dispels- themyths. [Accessed: 23 May 2011].
Searchcio,(2016).Stragetic planning templates. Available from: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/[Accessed: 5 April 2016].
Selby, A. E. (2006). Commercial farmers and the state: Interest group politics and land reformin Zimbabwe. PhD Thesis, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
Sender, J. (2002). The struggle to escape poverty in South Africa: Results from a purposive survey. Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 2 (1), 1-49.
Senge, P. R. (1999). The dance of change. Doubleday, New York
Sergio, S. (2009). Market-led 'agrarian reform in Brazil: A dream has become a debt burden. Progress in Development Studies, 9(2), 127-40.
Seters, A. D., & Field, H. G. R. (1993). The evolution of 'Leadership Theory.' Journal of Organisational Change. Emerald. 3 (3), 29 45.
Shaw, H.W., (2003). They stole our land: Debating the expropriation of white farms in Zimbabwe. The Journal of Modern African studies, 41(1) Availablefrom:
Shaw, W. H. (2008). They stole our land: Debating the expropriation of white farms in Zimbabwe, 'The Journal of Modern African Studies. March, 41 (1), 75-89. Cambridge University Press.
Sherry, J. F., & Camargo, E. G. (1987). May your life be marvellous: English language labelling and the semiotics of Japanese promotion? Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 174-188).
Shipton, P. (1988). The. Kenyan land tenure reform: Misunderstandings in the public creation of private property. In Downs and Reyna 1988, 91 -135.
Shumba, D. (2011). Women and land: A study on Zimbabwe. Institute of development studies, Massey University, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 13(7), 2011). 1520-5509.
Shuttle, A. (2001). Ubuntu, an ethic for a new South Africa, Pietermaritzburg: Cluster publications, 2001.p.l2.
Sikor, T., & Muller, D. (2009). The limits of state-led land reform: An introduction World Development, 37 (8), 1307-1316. doi: 1011016/j.
Silagi, M. (1986). Henry George and Europe: The far-reaching effect of the ideas of the American Social philosopher at Turn of the century. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 45(2)
Sithole, J. (2002). South African history online-towards a people's history.Available from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/classroom- [Accessed: 7 April 2013].
Small, M. L. (2009). “]How many cases do I need? On science and the logic of case selection in field –based research.” Ethnology 10:5-38. Doi: 10.1177/1466138108099586
Smith, H. (2008). An overview of the communal land rights Act 11 of 2004. In A. Classens and B. Cousins (eds) Land, Power and Custom. Controversies Generated by South Africa's Communal LandRights Act, pp35-71. Cape Town: UCT Press.
Smith, P. B., Misumi, J., Tyeb, M., Person, M., & Bond, M. (1989). On the generality of leadership style measures across cultures. Journal of Occupational Pyschology, 62(2), 97-109
Solomon, M. R. (1983). The role of products as social stimuli: A symbolic interactionism perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 10, 319-329.
Solomon, M. R. (1986). Deep-seated Materialism: The case of Levi's 501 Jeans advances in consumer research, Volume 13, eds, Richard J. Lutz, Provo, VT: Association for consumer Research, 619-622. South Africa Department of Land Affairs Development (1996), 'Green Paper on South African Land policy 1 February 1996. Pretoria, Department of Land Affairs. Available from: http://www.intranet.ruraldevelopment.gov.za/tenurereforrn/newpage7.htm. [Accessed: 2 September 2013].
South Africa. Department of Land Affairs (1997). White paper on South African land policy. April 1997. Available from: http://www.intranet.ruraldevelopment.gov.za/tenurereform/newpage7.htm. [Accessed: 2 September 2013].
South Africa. Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (2011). Green paper on land reform. General Notice, 639 of 2011.
South Africa. Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (2009). Comprehensive rural development programme: The concept. Pretoria: Department of Rural Development and Land Reform.
Spillane, J. P. (2006). Distributed leadership. San Francisco: Jessey-Bass.
Sprinthall, R. C., Schmuttle, G. T., & Surois, L. (1991). Understanding educational research. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Stainback, S. B., & Stainback, W. C. (1988). Understanding and conducting qualitative research. Dubuque, 1 A: Kendall/Hunt.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand, Oaks CA: SAGE.
Stanning, J. (1989). Smallholder maize production and sales in Zimbabwe: Some distributional aspects. In food policy (August), 261-267.
Starks, H., & Brown Trinidad, S. (2007). Choose your method: A comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis and grounded theory. Qualitative health research, 17(10) 1372-1380.
Stern, N. H., & Deininger, K. W. (2003). Land policies for growth and poverty reduction. May. The World Bank.
Stewak, K., & Williams, M. (2005). Qualitative research 5(4), 395 416.
Stilwell, F., & Jordan, K. (2004). The political economy of land: PHenry George in his place. The Journal of Australian Political Economy,54, 120.
Stodgill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. New York: Free Press.
Stolle, D. (2003). The sources of social capital. In Hooghe, M and Stolle, D. (eds) Generating Social Capital, Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative perspectives, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p.20.
Straus, A., & Carbin, J. (1990. Basics of qualitative research: London: SAGE publication.
Sudman, S. (1976). Applied sampling. New York: Academic Press.
Sullivan, E. J., & Decker, P. P. (2001). Effective leadership and management in nursing. Available from: http://www.bri ahthub.coiwoffice/hotne/articles/71743.aspxManagernent 29(3) 15. [Accessed: 15 June 2013].
Suppe, F. (ed.) (1977). The structure of scientific theories 2nd edition. Urbana; University of Illinois Press. Available from: http://faculty.philosophy .umd.edu/LDarden/Research/pubs/candp.html. [Accessed: 28 January 2013].
Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review 51: 273-286.
Swinnen, F. J. M. (2003). The political economy of land reform choices in Central and Eastern Europe. Policy Research Group working Paper No 5 November. Wiley on line library. 7(3), 637-644.
Swynnerton, R. J. (1955). The Swynnerton report: A plan to intensify the development of African agriculture in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Takala, T. I. (2007). Charismatic leadership and power. Journal of problems and perspectives in Available from:
Taleghani, G., Salmani, D., & Taatian, A. (2010). Survey of leadership styles in different cultures. Iranian Journal of management studies (DMS), January, 3 (3), 91-111.
Taylor, C. M. (1990). Sources of the self-Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, J. (1988). The ethical foundation of the market. In Vincent Ostrom, David Feeny and Hartmut Pitchat, eds., Rethinking Institutional Analysis and Development: Issues Alternatives and choices. San Francisco, Calif: Institute of contemporary studies press.
Taylor, S. J., & Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guide book and resource. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Terreblanche, S. (2002). A history of Inequality in RSA, 1652-2002. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
Tharp, B. M. (2009). Four organizational culture types. Haworth.
The Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) 2013
The Free Earth Manifesto (2010). Free Game Maker Tutorials License: Creative Commons Attribution CCS.0.1 GO.
The Herald (2015). UK betrayed Zimbabwe: London Mayor. Tuesday 24 February 2015 UNFAO (1966). World land Reform Conference.
The Herald (2017). ANC reaches resolution on land reform. Friday 22 December 2017.
The Herald. (2014), Chombo Divorce: Minister to keep farm, The Herald, Thursday - 10 July 2014.
The humanitarian (2019). Drought and rising costs to leave 2.4 million Zimbabwean needing food aid. Available from: www . the new humanitarian. Org>news accessed 21 September 2019.
The Sunday Mail, (2014). President speaks on preferred leader.
Thebe, V. (2012). New realities and tenure reforms: Land-use in worker peasant communities of South-Western Zimbabwe (1940s-2006). Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 30 (1), 99-117.
Theesfeld, I. (2004). Constraints on collective Action in a transitional Economy: The case of Bulgaria's irrigation sector. World Development, 32 (2): 251-271.
Thompson, C. (2000). Zimbabwe: Intersection of human rights, land reform, and regional security; contentious debates in Zimbabwe resonate across Southern Africa, reflecting the post-Apartheid struggles for human rights, economic redistribution, and security. Available from: http://www.fpif.org/Zimbabwe_lntersection_of_human_rights_land_reform_and_re giona l_security/ [Accessed: 3 May 2013].
Tichy, N. M., & Devanna, M.A. (1986). The transformational leader. Training andDevelopmental Journal, 40 (7) 27-32.
Titanji, E. D. (2009). The right of indigenous peoples to self-determination versus secession: One coin, two faces. African Human Rights Law Journal, 9(1).
Toulmin, C. (2009). Securing land and property rights in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of local institutions. Elsevier ltd, Land Use Policy 26 (1), 10-19, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.07.006
Toulmin, C., & Quan, J. (2000). Evolving land rights, tenure and policy in Sub- Saharan Africa: In C Toulmin and J Quan (eds) Evolving land rights, policy and tenure in Africa. DFID/IED/NRI, London. Traditional leaders Act 25 (1998) Chapter 29:17 GoZ publications, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59 (5). November 1990. 106-1020. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1037/0022- 3514.59.5.1006. [Accessed: 10 June 2016].
Triandis, H. C., Leung, K., Villareal,M., & Clark, F. (1985). Allocentric vs Idiocentric tendencies: Convergent discriminant validation: Journal of Research in Personality; 19, 395-415.
Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., &Villareal, M. J. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross- cultural perspectives on self- in group relationships. Journal of Personality and,Social Psychology,.54(2), 323-338.
Tsui, A.S., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Xin, K. R., & Wu, J. B. (2006). Unpaking the relationship between CEO leadership behavior and organizational culture. Leadership quarterly, 17,113-137.doi: 10.1016/ j. leaqua.2005.12.001.
Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction. BMC Health service research.
Tse-Tung, M. (1967). Selected military writing of Mao Tse — Tung (2nd ed, second printing), Foreign Languages Press Peking.
Tsui, A. S., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Xin, K. R., & WU, J. B. (2006). Unpacking the relationship betweenCEO leadership behaviour and Organisational culture. The leadership quarterly, 17, p113-137.
Tungwarara, O. (Undated). Sanctions: In aid of transition or an obstacle to democracy. Available from: http:/7www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/sup-files/sanctions.pdf. [Accessed: 20 August, 2012].
Turner, S., & Ibsen, H. (2000). Land and agrarian reform in South Africa: A Status report. CapeTown: Programme for land Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape. (Research report; no.6.).
Tylus, K. (2016). Culture as a factor of social and economic development. The polish experience. Available from: http://poleinkaiprattein.org/economy/culture-and- economy/culture-as-a- factor-of-social-and-economic-development-the-polish- experience. [Accessed: 2 January 2016].
UNDP, (1995). Public sector management governance and sustainable human development. Division of public affairs UNDP, New York.
United Nations (2009). The earth does not being to human beings: Human beings belong to the earth: Permanent forum on indigenous issues. Eighth session. Economic and social council, 27 May, 2009.
United Nations Development Programme, (2016) Africa human development report. Tokyo International Conference of African Development, Kenya, 27-28 August.
United Nations Development Programme, [UNDP](2016). 'he gender equality seal certification programme for public and private enterprises: Putting principles into practice. Available from:
United Nations Education, Scientific and cultural organization [UNESCO] (2016). Culture and development. Available from: http://www.anesco.org/new/enJ/'culture/themes/culture-and-
United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (2002). The state of food insecurity in the World. FAO Corporate Document Repository. Available from: (Online) VRL:http://www.fao.org/docrep/oo5/y7352e/y73S2e00.htm. [Accessed: 18 November 2013].
United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, (2013). The state of food and agriculture 2013. Available from: http://www.fao.org/publications/sofa/2013/e. [Accessed: 18 March 2014].
United Nations Millennium Project, (2005). Investing in development: A practical plan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, main report, United Nations: New York.
Unpublished paper, Women and Land in Zimbabwe (Land), Harare.
Unruh, J., Cligget, L., & Hay, R. (2005). Migrant land rights reception and clearing to claim in sub-Saharan Africa: A deforestation example from southern Zambia, natural resource forum 29; 190-198.
Uslaner, E. (2005). Trust as a moral value. In Dario Castiglione, Jan W. Van Deth, and Guglielmo Wolleb (eds.) Handbook of social capital, Oxford University Press.
Utete, C. M. B. (2003). Report of the presidential land review and 11, Committee, Government of Zimbabwe, col.l Government printers.
Van Den Brink, R. (2003). Land policy and land reform in Sub-Saharan Africa: Consensus, confusion and controversy. The World Bank.
Van Rooyer, A., & Homann, S. (ed.). (2018). Enhancing incomes and livelihoods through improved farmers practices on goats production and marketing: Proceedings of a workshop organized by the goat forum, 2-3 October 2007, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Po. Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. International crops research institute for Semi- Arid tropics. PP.84
Villalonga- Olives, E., & Kawachi, 1. (2015). The measurement of social capital- la medicion del capital social. Gaceta Samitaria, 29(1) January- February, 2015, Pp, 62-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.09.006.
Vorster, J. M. (2006). The ethics of land restitution. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Journal of Religious Ethics, inc, JRE, Vol. 34(4), pp.685-707.
Vorster, J. M. (2004). Ethical perspectives on human rights. Potchefstroom: Potchefstroom. Theological publications.
Wade, R. (1986). Common property reserve arrangement in south Indian villages. National Research Council, Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp.231-257.
Wagner, D. B., and Spencer, J. L. (1996). The role of surveys in transforming culture: Data, knowledge, and action. In Kraut, A.I. (Eds.), Organizational Surveys: Tools for assessment and change, (pp. 67-87). San Francisco: Jossey—Bass.
Walker, C. (2002). Land reform in Southern and Eastern Africa: Key issues for strengthening women's access to and rights in land. Report on a Desktop study commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). FAO sub-regional office for Southern and Eastern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. Walker, C (2005), The limits to land reform: rethinking the land question,' Journal of Southern African studies, Vol. 31, pp.805-824.
Walker, C. (2006). Redistribution land reform: For what and for whom? In Ntsebeza, I. and Hall, R. (eds). The land question In South Africa: The challenge of Transformation and Redistribution. Cape Town: HSRC press, pp. 132-152.
Wallen, N. E., & Fraenkel, J. R. (ED) (2001). Educational research: A guide to the process. Lawrence Evlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
Wallendorf, M. (1987). On intimacy.Paper Presented at the American Marketing Association Winter Educator's Conference, San Antonio, Texas.
Wallendorf, M., & Arnould, E. J. (1988). My favourite things: A cross-cultural inquiry into object attachment possessiveness and social linkage. Journal of consumer Research, Vol. 14, 531-547. Walzer, M (1983), Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. Basic Books (Publisher), New York.
Wanasika, I., Howell, J. P., Littrell, R., & Derfman, P. W. (2011). Managerial leadership and culture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of World Business (Impact factor. 2.62). 04/2011; 46(2), pp. 234-241.
Warren, D. M., Adedokun, R., & Omolaoye, A. (1996). Indigenous organizations and development. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, PP. 43-9.
Weber, M. (1947). Charismatic approaches to leadership. Available from: www.transcendingleadership.org.dissertation/frames/dissertation. [Accessed: 14 Marc 2013].
Weinrich, A. K. H. (1975). African farmers in Rhodesia: Old and new peasant communities in Karangaland. London: Oxford University Press.
Welman, C., Kruger, F., & Mitchel, B. (2007). Research methodology. Oxford Southern Africa. Cape Town.
Wheatley, M. (2001). Leadership and the new science: Discovering order in a chaotic world. New York: Berret - Koehler Publishers.
Whitehead, A., & Tsikata, D. (2001). Policy discourses on women's land rights in Sub Saharan Africa. Draft paper prepared for the UNRISD project on Agrarian Change. Gender and Land Rights, UNRISD.
Whitley, R. (1992). Business systems in East Asia: Firms, markets and societies. London: SAGE
Wily, L. A. (2003b), Governance and land relations: A review of decentralisation of land administration and management in Africa (London: 11ED).
Wily, L. A. (2003 a). Community-based land tenure management: Questions and answers about Tanzania's new village land Act, 1999. Issue paper No. 120 (London: 11 ED).
Winston, B. E., & Ryan, B. (2008). Servant leadership as a human Orientation: Using the globe study construct of human orientation to show that servant leadership is more global than Western values. International Journal of Leadership studies, 3(2), 212- 222.
Women and Land in Zimbabwe (2007). A rapid appraisal in select provinces to determine the extent of women's allocation to 2007 during the land reform and resettlement programme, 2002 - 2005.
Woods, P. A. (2004). Democratic leadership: Drawing distinction with distributed leadership. International Journal of leadership in Education, 7(1), 3-26.
Woods, P. A. (2004). Democratic leadership: Drawing distinctions with distributed leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 7(l), pp.3-26. Availablefrom: http://doi.org/10.108071360312032000154522. [Accessed: 12 July 2013].
Woolcock, M. (2014). Culture, politics and development. Policy research working Paper. 6939. Washington: The World Bank.
World Justice Project, (2015). What is the rule of law? Availablefrom: http://worldjusticeprqiect.org/what_rule_law. [Accessed: 1 March 2013].
World Bank, (1995). Zimbabwe: Achieving shared growth. World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank, (2003). Land policies for growth and poverty reduction. World Bank Policy Research Report: Washington DC.
World Bank, (2009). ‘The World Bank Annual Report 2009-Year in Review. Available from: (online).
VRL http://siteresources.worldbank.org/GXTAR2009/resources/6223977- 1252950831873/AR09complete.pdf. [Accessed: 2 December 2012].
World Bank, (2019). World Development indcators (WDI) Data base. World Bank; Washington DC
World Bank, (2018) World Development indcators (WDI) Data base. World Bank; Washington DC
World Bank, (2011). World Development Indicators (WDI) Data base. World Bank: Washington DC. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/RESOURCES/wdl_ebook.pdf[Accessed: 10 January 2013].
World Bank, (1992). Governance and development. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Writing, A. (2019). Advantages and disadvantages of a focus group. Chron. Small Business. Chron.com.
Xenikou, A., & Simosi, M. (2006). Organizational culture and transformational leadership as predictors of business unit performance. Journal of managerial psychology21, 566-579. Doi: 10.1016/0090-2616(83)90031-1.
Yamane, (1967). Statistics, an introductory analysis, 2nd ed, New York: Harper and row.
Yammarino, F. J., Spangles, W. D., & Bass, B. M. (1993). Transformational leadership and performance: A longitudinal investigation. Leadership Quarterly, 4, 81-102
Yeros, P. (2002). The political economy of civilization: Peasant-workers in Zimbabwe and theneo-colonial world. Thesis (PhD). University of London.
Yeros, P. (2003). The political economy of civilization: Peasant-workers in Zimbabwe and the neo-colonial world. PhD thesis, London, UK: London School of Economics, University of London.
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd Ed). Newsbury Park, Sage.
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research design and methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE publications.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Yudelman, M. (1964). Africans on land: Economic problems of African agricultural development in southern Africa, with special reference to Southern Rhodesia. London: Oxford University Press.
Yukl, G. A. (1989). Leadership in organisations (2nd ed). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Zahedi, P. M. (1999). Web-based IT systems, individual behaviours and decision making. Available from: http://scholar.google.com/citations?users=RUVOJUVAAAAJachi:=en [Accessed 28 September 2014].
Zahedi, S. (1999). Comparative study on leadership styles. Governmental Mgt, 45 & 46, 14-32.
Zahir, A. (1975). Land reform in South East Asia. Orient Longman Ltd.
ZANU (PF) Conference, Central Committee report (2003).
Zaleznik, A. (1990). The leadership gap. Academy of Management Executive, 4( 1), 7-22
Zhekov, Y. K. (2005). The rise of hierarchical leadership. Osijeke. Evangelical Theological Seminary.
Zigarelli, M. (2012). Training, transforming and transitioning: A blue print for the Christian University. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 21(1),.62- 79.
Zigarelli, M. (2014). Learning leadership through film. A ten session study.Available from:http://www.christianity/9to5.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02learning-leadership- Through-film. [Accessed 11 June 2016].
Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZIMASSET) (2013). Towards an Empowered Society and a Growing Economy. October 2013-December 2018.
Zimbabwe Chavunduka Commission, (1982). Report of the inquiry into the agricultural industry. Harare: Government Printers.
Zimbabwe Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement (2001). Land reformand resettlement programme revised phase 11, April 2001.
Zimbabwe Population Census, (2012). Central statistical office, government of Zimbabwe. 2012.
Zimbabwe Vulnerable Assessment Committee (ZIMVAC) (2012-2017). Zimbabwe Rural Livelihood baselines. Harare, SIRDC.
Zimbabwe. The Ministry of Lands, Land Reform and Resettlement and Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre (2001). Harare: Government of Zimbabwe, Land Reform and Resettlement Programme - Revised Phase II.
Traditional leaders Act 25/1998: Chapter 29:17. Harare: Government Printers.
Zimbabwe. Department of Veterinary Services (2019). Cattle distribution by sector.
Zimbabwe. Livestock Production Department (2019). Cattle distribution by sector.
Zindoga, T. (2016). Zimbabwe deferred land reform for South Africa: Mbeki. The Herald 23 February.
Zineldin, M. (2017). Transformational leadership behaviour, emotions and outcomes: Health psychology perspective in the workplace. Journal of Workplace Behavioural Health. 32:14-25.Doi: 10.1080/15555240.2016.1273782
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v8i3.2043
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
PAST ISSUES:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.