ROLE OF GOVERNANCE PRACTICES ON JUDICIAL SYSTEM SERVICE DELIVERY IN KENYA
Abstract
Judiciary as defender of laws and societal integrity plays an important role in good governance. The 2010 Kenyan Constitution guarantees judicial independence. Its independence is vital in the fight against bad governance and corruption. Many people's experiences, however, fall far short of this ideal. Lack of transparency and accountability, equity, inclusivity, and citizen involvement have been identified as major impediments to the judiciary's independence in carrying out its duty.
The main aim of the study was to assess the
role of governance practices on judicial system service delivery in Kenya. With specific objective was to assess the
role of citizen participation, equity and inclusiveness, accountability, transparency on judicial system service delivery in Kenya.
In order to meet the overall objective and test the study hypotheses the study adopted Cross sectional research design. The target population of this study will be 4,536 comprising of 7 Supreme Court judges, 29 Court of Appeal Judges, 96 High Court Judges, 497 Magistrates/Kadhis and 3,904 judicial staff. Stratified sampling technique was used to select a sample of 100 judicial staff in Kenya. Primary data was collected from 100 judicial staff in Kenya which yielded a response rate of 100%. The independent variables attributed examined in the study were citizen participation, equity and inclusiveness, accountability, transparency. Descriptive analysis such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data which was summarized using figures and tables. Correlation analysis was used to examine the strength of the relationship between governance practices and judicial system service delivery in Kenya and regression analysis was used to examine the nature of the relationship between governance practices, judicial system service delivery in Kenya and moderating role of political influence. Prior to regression analysis tests for various assumptions were carried out, On overall 75.7% of the variation in judicial system service delivery in Kenya can be explained by citizen participation, equity and inclusiveness, accountability, transparency while the remaining percentage can be explained by other factors excluded in the model. The findings of the study demonstrated that governance practices have effect on judicial system service delivery in Kenya.
Keyword: Citizen Participation, Equity and Inclusiveness, Accountability, Transparency Judicial System Service Deliver
CITATION: Oyugi, G. O., & Omwenga, J. Q. (2021). Role of governance practices on judicial system service delivery in Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 8 (4), 479 – 497.
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Abdu, M., Buba, A., & Kareem Alhassan, A. (2018). Macroeconomic Stability and Inclusive Growth in Nigeria: A Cointegration Approach. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(3), 370-389.
Afridi, F. (2017). Governance and public service delivery in India. Retrieved from https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Afridi-2017-Synthesis-paper.pdf
Afridi, F., Iversen, V., & Sharan, M. R. (2012). Does female leadership impact on governance and corruption? Evidence from a public poverty alleviation program in Andhra Pradesh, India. International Growth Centre working paper.
Ahmed, A.S. & Mukhongo, A. (2017). Role of strategic management practices in organizational performance of customs department in Mogadishu, Somalia. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), 3(9), 1201-1211.
Asubonteng, P., McCleary, K.J., & Swan, J.E. (1996). SERVQUAL revisited: a critical review of service quality. Journal of Services Marketing, 10 (6), pp. 62-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08876049610148602
Baki, B., Basfirinci, C. S., Cilingir, Z. & AR Murat, I. (2009). An Application of Integrating SERVQUAL and Kano’s Model Into QFD for Logistic Services: A Case Study from Turkey, 21(1), 106 – 126.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (1989). Research in education (6th Edition). Englewoods Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall.
Björkman, Martina and Jakob Svensson (2009), VPower to the People: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment on Community Based Monitoring in UgandaV, Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (2): 735n769.
Blickle, G., John, J., Ferris, G.R., Momm, T., Liu, Y., Haag, R., Meyer, G., Weber, K., & Oerder, K. (2012a). Fit of political skill to the work context: A two-study investigation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61, 295–322
Blickle, G., Kramer, J., Zettler, I., Momm, T., Summers, J.K., Munyon, T.P., & Ferris, G.R. (2009), Job demands as a moderator of the political skill – job performance relationship, Career Development International, 14, 333-350.
Blickle, G., Oerder, K., & Summers, J.K. (2010), The impact of political skill on career success of employees’ representatives, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 383-390
Blois, KJ & Ramirez, R 2006, 'Capabilities as marketable assets: a proposal for a functional categorization', Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 35, no. 8, pp.
Boon, OK & Arumugam, V (2006) 'The Influence of Corporate Culture on Organizational Commitment:Case Study of Semiconductor Organizaions in Malaysia', Sunway Academic Journal, vol 3, pp. 99-115.
Boon, OK, Safa, MS & Arumugam, V (2006) 'TQM practices and affective commitment: a case of Malaysian semiconductor packaging organizations', International Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship, vol 2, no. 1, pp. 37-55
Booth, T. and Ainscow, M. (2011) Index for Inclusion: Developing Learning and Participation in Schools. Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education, Bristol.
Bovaird, T., 2007, Beyond engagement and participation - user and community co-production of public services. Public Administration Review, 67: 5 p. 846-860.
Buchanan, J. M., & Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Carrillat, François & Jaramillo, Fernando & Locander, William. (2004). Market-driving organizations: A framework. Academy of Marketing Science Review. 5. 1-14.
Chambers, R. and Conway, R. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS discussion paper, No. 296. pp.127-130.
Creswell, JW, Plano Clark, VL (2007) Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage
Edwards, M., Halligan, J., Horrigan, B., & Nicoll, G. (2012). Public sector governance in Australia. ANU Press.
Epperly, B., & Sievert, J. (2019). Conflict and Courts: Civil War and Judicial Independence across Democracies. Political Research Quarterly, 72(3), 700-713.
Erwin, D. G., & Garman, A. N. (2010). Resistance to organizational change: linking research and practice. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Fenster, Mark. 2006. The Opacity of Transparency, Iowa Law Review 91:885-949.
Ferris, G.R. & Treadway, D.C. (Eds.) (2012). Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
Ferris, G.R. & Treadway, D.C. (Eds.) (2012). Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Kolodinsky, R.W., Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C.J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D.D. (2005), Development and validation of the Political Skill Inventory, Journal of Management, 31, 126–152.
Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Kolodinsky, R.W., Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C.J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D.D. (2005). Development and validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, 31, 126–152
Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Perrewé, P.L., Brouer, R.L., Douglas, C., & Lux, S. (2007). Political skill in organizations. Journal of Management, 33, 290–320.
Florini, Ann. 2002. ‘Increasing Transparency in Government’, International Journal on World Peace 19(3): 3-37.
Fourie P, Perche D, Schoeman R: Donor assistance for AIDS in South Africa: many actors, multiple agendas. Strategic Review for Southern Africa. 2010, 32: 93-120.
Gaventa, J. and Barrett, G. (2010) 'So What Difference Does it Make? Mapping the Outcomes of Citizen Engagement', IDS Working Paper 348. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
Gaventa, J. and McGee, R. (2010) Citizen Action and National Policy Reform: making change happen, London: Zed Books
Gentry, W. A., Gilmore, D. C., Porter, M. L. S., & Leslie, J. B. (in press). Political skill as an indicator of promotability among multiple rater sources. Journal of Organizational Behavior
Ghasemi, A. & Zahediasi, S. (2012). Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 10(2): 486-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
Gichovi, N. B. (2013). The effect of performance contracting on service delivery of Kenya Parastatals: A case of the Coffee Board of Kenya . Unpublished Master’s thesis: Kenyatta University.
Gichovi, N. B. (2013). The effect of performance contracting on service delivery of Kenya Parastatals: A case of the Coffee Board of Kenya . Unpublished Master’s thesis: Kenyatta University
Ginsburg, T. (2010). Judicial Independence in East Asia: Implications for China.
Gisselquist, Rachel M. (2012). Good Governance as a Concept, and Why This Matters for Development Policy. UNU-WIDER.
Granovetter M. (1974). Getting a job. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grigorescu, Alexandru. (2003). International Organizations and Government Transparency: Linking the International and Domestic Realms. International Studies Quarterly. 47. 643 - 667. 10.1046/j.0020-8833.2003.04704003.x.
Grindle, Merilee. 2004. Going Local: Decentralization, Democratization, and the Promise of Good Governance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Harrell-Cook, G. Ferris, G., and Dulebohn, J.H. (2000) Organizational Politics: The Nature of the Relationship between Politics Perceptions and Political Behavior. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 17, 89-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0733-558X(00)17004-1
Higgins CA, Judge TA, Ferris GR. (2003). Influence tactics and work outcomes: A metaanalysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 89–106
Hyder M., Zaidi S.Z. and Mustafa, S., (2019). Citizens Participation In Good Governance Of Pakistan.
Hylton, K. N. (2004). Arbitration: governance benefits and enforcement costs. Notre Dame L. Rev., 80, 489.
Hyz, A. (2010). Emotional Intelligence and Employee Performance of Greek Banking Staff: An Empirical Investigation. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, 2(3), 85-96
IFAC. (2012). Effective Governance, Risk Management, and Internal Control. Retrieved March 2, 2017, from //www.ifac.org/publications-resources/effective-governance-risk-management-and-internal-control
Ijeoma, E.O.C. and Sambumbu, A.M. 2013. A Framework For Improving Public Accountability in South Africa. Journal of Public Administration, 48(2):282–298.
IMF. 2001. The IMF and Good Governance, A Factsheet..
Islam, Roumeen. 2006. “Does More Transparency Go along with Better Governance?” Economics & Politics 18 (2): 121–167
Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A. (2009). Is transparency the key to reducing corruption in resource-rich countries? World Development,37, 521–532.
Mbecke, Z. M. P. (2014). Resolving the service delivery dilemma in South Africa through a cohesive service delivery theory. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 12(4), 265-275.
Melton, J., & Ginsburg, T. (2014). Does de jure judicial independence really matter? A reevaluation of explanations for judicial independence. Journal of Law and Courts, 2(2), 187-217.
Miller, D.C. & Salkind, N.J. (2002). Handbook of research design and social measurement (6th ed.). Chapter 4.8, pp. 162-164. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Minzner, C. F. (2011). China's turn against law. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 59(4), 935-984.
Ndudula, M. R. (2013). An analysis of the politics-administrative interface and its impact on delivery of municipal services: A case of the Mnquma local municipality (Doctoral dissertation, University of Fort Hare).
Neuman, Laura and Richard Calland. 2007. Making the Law Work: The Challenges of Implementation. In The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World, edited by Ann Florini. New York: Columbia University Press
Nica, E., & Potcovaru, A. M. (2015). Effective m-government services and increased citizen participation: Flexible and personalized ways of interacting with public administrations. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 3(2), 92-97.
Niskanen, W. A. (1971). Bureaucracy and representative government. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers
Roberts, Alasdair. 2006. Blacked out: Government secrecy in the information age. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rotondi, V., & Stanca, L. (2015). The effect of particularism on corruption: Theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Eco-nomic Psychology,51, 219–235
Sajid, Arpah and Angappan (2017) The connection between insurance and economic growth for six nations was studied between 1980 and 2015
Shkolnikov, A., & Wilson, A. (2009). From sustainable companies to sustainable economies. Centre for International Private Enterprise, United States Agency for International Development.
Sindane, A. M., & Nambalirwa, S. (2012). Governance and public leadership: The missing links in service delivery in South Africa. Journal of Public Administration, 47(3), 695-705.
Sisulu, M. M. (2012). Managing organizational commitment during adverse events: An exploratory case study in the hotel industry (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
UN-HABITAT and Transparency International, 2004; Islam, 2006; Kaufmann, et al., 2002;
UN-Habitat and Transparency International. 2004. Tools to Support Transparency in Local Governance. Urban Governance Toolkit Series.
Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Drory, A. (Eds.), (2006), Handbook of organizational politics, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Xu, J. (2017). Judges, Commercial Lawsuits, and Political Information.
Zhao, X., Bai, C., & Hui, Y.V. (2002). An empirical assessment and application of SERVQUAL in a mainland Chinese Department store. Total Quality Management, 13 (2), pp. 241-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544120120102478
Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2013). Business research methods (9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western.
Abdu, M., Buba, A., & Kareem Alhassan, A. (2018). Macroeconomic Stability and Inclusive Growth in Nigeria: A Cointegration Approach. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(3), 370-389.
Afridi, F. (2017). Governance and public service delivery in India. Retrieved from https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Afridi-2017-Synthesis-paper.pdf
Afridi, F., Iversen, V., & Sharan, M. R. (2012). Does female leadership impact on governance and corruption? Evidence from a public poverty alleviation program in Andhra Pradesh, India. International Growth Centre working paper.
Ahmed, A.S. & Mukhongo, A. (2017). Role of strategic management practices in organizational performance of customs department in Mogadishu, Somalia. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), 3(9), 1201-1211.
Asubonteng, P., McCleary, K.J., & Swan, J.E. (1996). SERVQUAL revisited: a critical review of service quality. Journal of Services Marketing, 10 (6), pp. 62-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08876049610148602
Baki, B., Basfirinci, C. S., Cilingir, Z. & AR Murat, I. (2009). An Application of Integrating SERVQUAL and Kano’s Model Into QFD for Logistic Services: A Case Study from Turkey, 21(1), 106 – 126.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (1989). Research in education (6th Edition). Englewoods Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall.
Björkman, Martina and Jakob Svensson (2009), VPower to the People: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment on Community Based Monitoring in UgandaV, Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (2): 735n769.
Blickle, G., John, J., Ferris, G.R., Momm, T., Liu, Y., Haag, R., Meyer, G., Weber, K., & Oerder, K. (2012a). Fit of political skill to the work context: A two-study investigation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61, 295–322
Blickle, G., Kramer, J., Zettler, I., Momm, T., Summers, J.K., Munyon, T.P., & Ferris, G.R. (2009), Job demands as a moderator of the political skill – job performance relationship, Career Development International, 14, 333-350.
Blickle, G., Oerder, K., & Summers, J.K. (2010), The impact of political skill on career success of employees’ representatives, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 383-390
Blois, KJ & Ramirez, R 2006, 'Capabilities as marketable assets: a proposal for a functional categorization', Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 35, no. 8, pp.
Boon, OK & Arumugam, V (2006) 'The Influence of Corporate Culture on Organizational Commitment:Case Study of Semiconductor Organizaions in Malaysia', Sunway Academic Journal, vol 3, pp. 99-115.
Boon, OK, Safa, MS & Arumugam, V (2006) 'TQM practices and affective commitment: a case of Malaysian semiconductor packaging organizations', International Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship, vol 2, no. 1, pp. 37-55
Booth, T. and Ainscow, M. (2011) Index for Inclusion: Developing Learning and Participation in Schools. Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education, Bristol.
Bovaird, T., 2007, Beyond engagement and participation - user and community co-production of public services. Public Administration Review, 67: 5 p. 846-860.
Buchanan, J. M., & Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Carrillat, François & Jaramillo, Fernando & Locander, William. (2004). Market-driving organizations: A framework. Academy of Marketing Science Review. 5. 1-14.
Chambers, R. and Conway, R. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS discussion paper, No. 296. pp.127-130.
Creswell, JW, Plano Clark, VL (2007) Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage
Edwards, M., Halligan, J., Horrigan, B., & Nicoll, G. (2012). Public sector governance in Australia. ANU Press.
Epperly, B., & Sievert, J. (2019). Conflict and Courts: Civil War and Judicial Independence across Democracies. Political Research Quarterly, 72(3), 700-713.
Erwin, D. G., & Garman, A. N. (2010). Resistance to organizational change: linking research and practice. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Fenster, Mark. 2006. The Opacity of Transparency, Iowa Law Review 91:885-949.
Ferris, G.R. & Treadway, D.C. (Eds.) (2012). Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
Ferris, G.R. & Treadway, D.C. (Eds.) (2012). Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Kolodinsky, R.W., Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C.J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D.D. (2005), Development and validation of the Political Skill Inventory, Journal of Management, 31, 126–152.
Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Kolodinsky, R.W., Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C.J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D.D. (2005). Development and validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, 31, 126–152
Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Perrewé, P.L., Brouer, R.L., Douglas, C., & Lux, S. (2007). Political skill in organizations. Journal of Management, 33, 290–320.
Florini, Ann. 2002. ‘Increasing Transparency in Government’, International Journal on World Peace 19(3): 3-37.
Fourie P, Perche D, Schoeman R: Donor assistance for AIDS in South Africa: many actors, multiple agendas. Strategic Review for Southern Africa. 2010, 32: 93-120.
Gaventa, J. and Barrett, G. (2010) 'So What Difference Does it Make? Mapping the Outcomes of Citizen Engagement', IDS Working Paper 348. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
Gaventa, J. and McGee, R. (2010) Citizen Action and National Policy Reform: making change happen, London: Zed Books
Gentry, W. A., Gilmore, D. C., Porter, M. L. S., & Leslie, J. B. (in press). Political skill as an indicator of promotability among multiple rater sources. Journal of Organizational Behavior
Ghasemi, A. & Zahediasi, S. (2012). Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 10(2): 486-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
Gichovi, N. B. (2013). The effect of performance contracting on service delivery of Kenya Parastatals: A case of the Coffee Board of Kenya . Unpublished Master’s thesis: Kenyatta University.
Gichovi, N. B. (2013). The effect of performance contracting on service delivery of Kenya Parastatals: A case of the Coffee Board of Kenya . Unpublished Master’s thesis: Kenyatta University
Ginsburg, T. (2010). Judicial Independence in East Asia: Implications for China.
Gisselquist, Rachel M. (2012). Good Governance as a Concept, and Why This Matters for Development Policy. UNU-WIDER.
Granovetter M. (1974). Getting a job. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grigorescu, Alexandru. (2003). International Organizations and Government Transparency: Linking the International and Domestic Realms. International Studies Quarterly. 47. 643 - 667. 10.1046/j.0020-8833.2003.04704003.x.
Grindle, Merilee. 2004. Going Local: Decentralization, Democratization, and the Promise of Good Governance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Harrell-Cook, G. Ferris, G., and Dulebohn, J.H. (2000) Organizational Politics: The Nature of the Relationship between Politics Perceptions and Political Behavior. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 17, 89-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0733-558X(00)17004-1
Higgins CA, Judge TA, Ferris GR. (2003). Influence tactics and work outcomes: A metaanalysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 89–106
Hyder M., Zaidi S.Z. and Mustafa, S., (2019). Citizens Participation In Good Governance Of Pakistan.
Hylton, K. N. (2004). Arbitration: governance benefits and enforcement costs. Notre Dame L. Rev., 80, 489.
Hyz, A. (2010). Emotional Intelligence and Employee Performance of Greek Banking Staff: An Empirical Investigation. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, 2(3), 85-96
IFAC. (2012). Effective Governance, Risk Management, and Internal Control. Retrieved March 2, 2017, from //www.ifac.org/publications-resources/effective-governance-risk-management-and-internal-control
Ijeoma, E.O.C. and Sambumbu, A.M. 2013. A Framework For Improving Public Accountability in South Africa. Journal of Public Administration, 48(2):282–298.
IMF. 2001. The IMF and Good Governance, A Factsheet..
Islam, Roumeen. 2006. “Does More Transparency Go along with Better Governance?” Economics & Politics 18 (2): 121–167
Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A. (2009). Is transparency the key to reducing corruption in resource-rich countries? World Development,37, 521–532.
Mbecke, Z. M. P. (2014). Resolving the service delivery dilemma in South Africa through a cohesive service delivery theory. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 12(4), 265-275.
Melton, J., & Ginsburg, T. (2014). Does de jure judicial independence really matter? A reevaluation of explanations for judicial independence. Journal of Law and Courts, 2(2), 187-217.
Miller, D.C. & Salkind, N.J. (2002). Handbook of research design and social measurement (6th ed.). Chapter 4.8, pp. 162-164. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Minzner, C. F. (2011). China's turn against law. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 59(4), 935-984.
Ndudula, M. R. (2013). An analysis of the politics-administrative interface and its impact on delivery of municipal services: A case of the Mnquma local municipality (Doctoral dissertation, University of Fort Hare).
Neuman, Laura and Richard Calland. 2007. Making the Law Work: The Challenges of Implementation. In The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World, edited by Ann Florini. New York: Columbia University Press
Nica, E., & Potcovaru, A. M. (2015). Effective m-government services and increased citizen participation: Flexible and personalized ways of interacting with public administrations. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 3(2), 92-97.
Niskanen, W. A. (1971). Bureaucracy and representative government. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers
Roberts, Alasdair. 2006. Blacked out: Government secrecy in the information age. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rotondi, V., & Stanca, L. (2015). The effect of particularism on corruption: Theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Eco-nomic Psychology,51, 219–235
Sajid, Arpah and Angappan (2017) The connection between insurance and economic growth for six nations was studied between 1980 and 2015
Shkolnikov, A., & Wilson, A. (2009). From sustainable companies to sustainable economies. Centre for International Private Enterprise, United States Agency for International Development.
Sindane, A. M., & Nambalirwa, S. (2012). Governance and public leadership: The missing links in service delivery in South Africa. Journal of Public Administration, 47(3), 695-705.
Sisulu, M. M. (2012). Managing organizational commitment during adverse events: An exploratory case study in the hotel industry (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).
UN-HABITAT and Transparency International, 2004; Islam, 2006; Kaufmann, et al., 2002;
UN-Habitat and Transparency International. 2004. Tools to Support Transparency in Local Governance. Urban Governance Toolkit Series.
Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Drory, A. (Eds.), (2006), Handbook of organizational politics, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Xu, J. (2017). Judges, Commercial Lawsuits, and Political Information.
Zhao, X., Bai, C., & Hui, Y.V. (2002). An empirical assessment and application of SERVQUAL in a mainland Chinese Department store. Total Quality Management, 13 (2), pp. 241-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544120120102478
Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2013). Business research methods (9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v8i4.2117
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