INFLUENCE OF DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTAL SCAN PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BASED STATE PARASTATALS IN KENYA
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of dynamic environmental scan practices on performance of commercial based state parastatals in Kenya. The study adopted a cross section survey research design and the target population was the fifty five (55) commercial based state parastatals. A sample of forty eight (48) commercial based state parastatals was used for the study. These were identified through stratified random sampling. The respondents of the study constituted CEO’s, Finance Managers and HR Managers and finance managers of each of the sampled commercial based state parastatals. Collection of data was conducted with the aid of questionnaires and interviews. Collection of Secondary data was done from financial and audited statements. Questionnaires were hand delivered to the respondents in the respective institutions by the help of research assistants. The research assistants self-administered the questionnaires to the respondents of the sampled commercial based state parastatals under the supervision of the researcher. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24 and Microsoft Excel. Regression models were fitted and hypothesis testing was carried using standard F and t tests. The study found that dynamic environmental scan practices were found to have significant positive influence on performance and therefore, this means that state corporations that respond to dynamic and hostile environment will have a competitive edge and hence better performance.
Key terms: Environmental Scan, Profitability, Change Management, Strategic Planning, Performance
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abramson, M. A., & Lawrence, P. R. (2001). The challenge of transforming organizations: Lessons learned about revitalizing organizations. Transforming organizations, 1-10
Agarwal, R., & Sambamurthy, V. (2002). Principles and models for organizing the information technology function. Minformation systems Quarterly Executive, 1(1), 1-16.
Agbim, K. C., Oriarewo, G. O., & Zever, T. A.(2014). Impact of Business Environmental Scanning Behaviour on the Entrepreneurial Performance of Micropreneurs: A Conceptual Framework. European Journal of Business and Management 6(24), 87-89
Ajwang, M. A. (2009). Relationship between corporate culture and organisational performance-survey of Kenyan state corporations (Doctoral dissertation).
Alas, R., & Sun, W. (2007). Organizational changes in Chinese companies: a resource-based view. Chinese Management Studies, 1(4), 225-242.
Ali, A., Namusonge, G. & Sakwa, M. (2016). Effect of Firm Managerial Risk Aversion on Corporate Hedging of Listed Firms in Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya. IJRDO – Journal of Business Management, 2(7), 45-64.
Al-Qirim, N. (2008). The adoption of e Commerce communications and applications technologies in small businesses in New Zealand. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 6(4), 462-473
Ansoff, H. I., & McDonnell, E. J. (1990). Implanting Strategic Management. 2nded.) London: Prentice Hall
Appelbaum, E. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: Why high-performance work systems pay off. Cornell University Press.
Armstrong, M. (2009).A handbook of Human Resource management Practice. Kogan Page Publishers.
Arvanitis, S., & Loukis, E. N. (2009). Information and communication technologies, human capital, workplace organization and labour productivity: A comparative study based on firm-level data for Greece and Switzerland. Information Economics and Policy, 21(1), 43-61.
Babatunde, B. O., & Adebisi, A. O. (2012). Strategic environmental scanning and organization performance in a competitive business environment. Economic Insights-Trends & Challenges, 64(1), 24-34.
Balogun, J., & Hailey, H. V., (2008). Exploring Strategic Change. (3rded).London: Prentice Hall.
Barney, J. B. (2001). Is the resource-based “view” a useful perspective for strategic management research? Yes. Academy of management review, 26(1), 41-56.
Barua, A., & Mukhopadhyay, T. (2000). Business value of information technologies: past, present and future. Framing the domains of information technology management: projecting the future through the past. In R.W. Zmud (Ed.), Cincinnati: Pinnaflex Educational Resources.
Barua, B., Obaidul Islam, M. M. (2009). Key Success Factors for Implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs) Case Study Conducted on Selected Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh. AIUB Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2), 53-67.
Becker, B., & Gerhart, B. (1996). The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: Progress and prospects. Academy of management journal, 39(4), 779-801.
Bell, M. (2006). Time and technological learning in industrialising countries: how long does it take? How fast is it moving (if at all)?. International Journal of Technology Management, 36(1-3), 25-39.
Berg, B. (2004). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. (5th Ed). Boston: Pearson.
Bhagat, S., & Black, B. (2001). The non-correlation between board independence and long-term firm performance. J. CorP. l., 27, 231.
Birkinshaw, J., Hood, N., & Young, S. (2005). Subsidiary entrepreneurship, internal and external competitive forces, and subsidiary performance. International Business Review, 14(2), 227-248.
Bourne, M., Neely, A., Platts, K., & Mills, J. (2002). The Success and Failure of Performance Measurement Initiatives: Perceptions of Participating Managers. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 22(11), 1288 -1310.
Brand, M. J., & Mosselman, M. (2005). Organizational structure and performance in Dutch small firms. Small Business Economics, 25(1), 83-96.
Bresnahan, T., E. Brynjolfsson & L. Hitt (2002) “Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117( 1), 339-376.
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business Research Methods, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Burnes, B. (2004). Managing change: A strategic approach to organisational dynamics. Pearson Education.
Burnes,P.G. (2009). Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organizational, 2nd Edition, London: Pitman Publishing.
East, N. (2011). Implementing an Effective Change Management Strategy. London: Ark Conferences Publications
Edelman, L. F., Brush, C. G., & Manolova, T. (2005). Co-alignment in the resource–performance relationship: strategy as mediator. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(3), 359-383.
Eriksen, B. (2006). Organization design constraints on strategy and performance. In Burton, R., Eriksen, B., Hakonsson, D. & Snow, C. (Eds), Organization Design. The Evolving State-of-the-Art, Springer: New York.
Campbell, K., & Mínguez-Vera, A. (2008). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of business ethics, 83(3), 435-451.
Carton, R. B., & Hofer, C. W. (2010). Organizational financial performance: Identifying and testing multiple dimensions. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 16(1), 95-125.
Cascio, W. F. (2010). Managing human resources: Productivity, quality of work life, profits. New York: McGraw-Hill
Chemengich, M. K.(2013) Managing strategic change in public sector. Standard Research Journal of Business Management,1 (1), 1-40
Chen, J. S. J., & Tsou, H. T. (2006). Information technology adoption for service innovation practices and competitive advantage: the case of financial firms. Information Research, 12(3), 7
Chesbrough, H. W. (2006). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.
Cho, D. S., & Kim, J. (2003). Determinants in introduction of outside directors in Korean companies. Journal of International and Area Studies, 10(1),1-20.
Chong, S., Prvan, G. (2007). Factors influencing the extent of deployment of electronic commerce for small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 5(1), 1-29.
Churqo, C. (2009). The perceived link between strategic planning and performance contracting in Kenyan state corporations. Unpublished Management Research Project of the University of Nairobi.
Coberta, P. (2003). Social Research: Theory, Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: Sage publication
Cooper, D. R & Schindler, P.S. (2013). Business research methods (12th Ed.). Irwin: Mc Graw-Hill
Cooper, D. R.,& Schindler, P. S. (2006). Business Research Methods (9th ed. ).NewYork: Mc Graw- Hill.
Cooper, P. R. & Schindler, P.S. (2006).Business Research Methods.(10thed.). New York: Wiley.
Crook, T. R., Ketchen, D. J., Combs, J. G., & Todd, S. Y. (2008). Strategic resources and performance: a meta‐analysis. Strategic management journal, 29(11), 1141-1154.
Du Toit, D., Knipe, A., Van Niekerk, D., Van der Waldt, G., & Doyle, M. (2002). Service Excellence in Governance, (1st ed). Sandown: Heinemann.
Edwards, P., & Wright, M. (2001). High-involvement work systems and performance outcomes: the strength of variable, contingent and context-bound relationships. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(4), 568-585.
Elbanna, S. (2006). Strategic decision‐making: Process perspectives. International Journal of Management Reviews, 8(1), 1-20.
Elele, J. & Fields, D. (2010). Participative decision making and organizational commitment Comparing Nigerian and American employees. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 17(4),368-392
Emore, C. W. (2007). Business Research Methods (3rd ed.). United Kingdom, Homewood.
Friedman, A. L., & Miles, S. (2006). Stakeholders: Theory and practice. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Ganley, E.( 2010) Strategic planning boosts morale, budget. Associated Press
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. USA: Allyn and Bacon
Ghani, K. A., & Jayabalan, V. (2000). Advanced manufacturing technology and planned organizational change. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 11(1), 1-18.
Gibbons, W. (2004). Business Policy and Strategic Management.( 4th ed.) McGraw Hill, Inc.
Goga R. K. (2014).Influence of enterprise resource planning systems on the organizational performance of commercial state corporations in Kenya. Strategic business & change journal, 2 (37), 717-727
Goldhaber, G.M., Dennis, H.S., Richetto, G.M., & Wiio, O.A. (2004). Information strategies: New pathways to management productivity. New York: Ablex
Gravetter, F. G., & Forzano, R. B. (2011). Research Method for the Behavioural Sciences. (4th Ed). California: Wadworth Cengage Learning.
Habbershon, T. G., Williams, M., & Macmillan, I. (2001). A unified systems theory of family firm performance. Enterprising Families Initiative (Vol. 103). Working Paper.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. & Tatham, R. (2006).Multivariate Data Analysis (6th Edition Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education International.
Haiyun, R., Krishnamurti C., & Bin, L.(2012). Moderating Effects of Board and Managerial Incentive on the Relationship between R&D Investment and Firm Performance-Evidence from Listed Manufacturing Firms in China.Journal of International Management Studies ,7(1 ), 41-55
Hannagan, J. (2002). Management Styles and Organizational Commitment. Conference Proceedings of ASBBS, Vol.17 (1).
Hermalin, B. E., & Weisbach, M. S. (2003). Boards of Directors as an Endogenously Determined Institution: A Survey of the Economic Literature (Digest Summary). Economic Policy Review, 9(17-26).
Harper, K. (2004). Organizational alignment: a precondition for information systems success?.Journal of Change Management, 4(4), 327-338.
Haynes, J. D., & Rees, G. (2006). Decoding mental states from brain activity in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(7), 523-534.
Helfat, C. E., & Peteraf, M. A. (2003). The dynamic resource‐based view: Capability lifecycles. Strategic management journal, 24(10), 997-1010.
Helm, S., Liehr-Gubbers, K. &Storck, C. (2011). Reputation management (Management for
professionals). Springer: London.
Hill, C., & Jones, G. (2001) Strategic Management Theory, (5th ed.)Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Hillman, A. J., Keim, G. D., & Luce, R. A. (2001). Board composition and stakeholder performance: Do stakeholder directors make a difference?. Business & Society, 40(3), 295-314.
Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., & Cannella, A. A. (2007). Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards. Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 941-952.
Huselid, M. A., Becker, B. E., & Beatty, R. W. (2005). The workforce scorecard: Managing human capital to execute strategy. Harvard Business Review Press.
Hsu, W. L., Wang, G. Y., & Hsu, Y. (2012). Testing mediator and moderator effects of independent director on firm performance. International Journal of Mathematical models and methods in applied sciences, 6(5), 698-705.
Ismail, A., & Mamat, M. (2012). The relationship between information technology, process innovation and organizational performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(2), 268-274
Jabar, J., Soosay, C., & Santa, R. (2011). Organisational learning as an antecedent of technology transfer and new product development: A study of manufacturing firms in Malaysia. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 22(1), 25-45.
Jansson, N. (2013). Organizational change as practice: a critical analysis. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 26(6), 1003-1019.Javier. (2002). A Review Paper on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance. www.ijbssnet.com/journals/
Jean-Jacques, L., & David, M. (2002). The theory of incentives: The principal-agent model.
Jensen, M., & Zajac, E. J. (2004). Corporate elites and corporate strategy: How demographic preferences and structural position shape the scope of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 25(6), 507-524.
Johnson, G., Scholes, K., & Whittington, R. (2008). Exploring corporate strategy: Text and cases. Pearson Education.
Johnson, G., & Scholes, K. (2003). Understanding strategy development. Strategic leadership and educational improvement, 142-156.
Kasurinen, T. (2002). Exploring management accounting change: the case of balanced scorecard implementation. Management Accounting Research, 13(3)323-343.
Kazmi, A. (2008).Strategic Management and Business Policy. ( 3rd ed). New Delhi: Mc Graw Hill
Kelliher, C., & Perrett, G. (2001). Business strategy and approaches to HRM-A case study of new developments in the United Kingdom restaurant industry. Personnel Review, 30(4), 421-437.
Kenyoru, N. D. (2015). Stakeholder Engagement and Organizational Performance: A Case of Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Eldoret Branch, Uasin-Gishu County–Kenya. Archives of Business Research, 3(2), 188-198
Kihara, A.S.N. (2016). Influence of strategic contingency factors on performance of large manufacturing firms in Kenya. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Nairobi. JKUAT
Kinyua, J.K. (2016).Effect of internal control systems on financial performance of companies quoted in the Nairobi securities exchange. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Nairobi. JKUAT
KNBS, I. (2008). Macro. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 9.
Knights, D., & Vurdubakis, T. (2005). Information technology as organization/disorganization. Information and organization, 15(3), 181-184.
Kibui, A.W.(2015). Effect of talent management on employees retention in Kenya’s State Corporations. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Nairobi. JKUAT
Kobia, M., & Mohammed, N. (2006, December). The Kenyan experience with performance contracting, African association for public administration and management. In 28th AAPAM Annual Round table Conference, Arusha, Tanzania.
Kombo, D. K., & Tromp, D. L. (2006). Proposal and thesis writing: An introduction. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 10-45.
Komora, A. Y.(2016). Constraints to succession management in State Corporations in Kenya. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis .Nairobi. JKUAT
Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. (2ndEdn). New Delhi:New age International Limited Publishers.
Kothari, R. (2008). Research methodology; Methods & techniques. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers
Kotter, P. (2008) Power and Influence. 2ndedn. New York: Free Press
Krueger, K. (2004). Exploring Corporate Strategy: Prentice Hall
Krishnaswamy, K., Sivakumar, A., Mathirajan, M. (2006).Management Research Methodology. Integration of Principles, Methods and Techniques. New Delhi:Dorling Kindersley.
Lankeu,M.& Maket J. (2012). Towards a Results-Oriented Public Service in Kenya: The Modern Human Resource Management Perspective. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(21).
Lawrence, T.B., Dyck, B., Maitlis, S., &Mauws, M.K. (2006).The underlying structure of continuous change.MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(4), 59-66.
Leonardi, L. (2011). Social and Financial Performance in Medium -Sized Enterprises: an Italian Perspective. Trento: University of Trento.
LI, D., Lai, F., & Wang, J.E. (2010). E-business assimilation in China’s international trade firms: the technology-organization-environment framework. Journal of Global Information Management, 18 (1) 39-65.
Ling, Y. H., & Jaw, B. S. (2011). Entrepreneurial leadership, human capital management, and global competitiveness: An empirical study of Taiwanese MNCs. Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, 2(2), 117-135.
Linyiru, B. M. (2015). Influence of Corporate Entrepreneurship on the Performance of State Corporations in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT).
Little, A.D. (2006). The Innovation high ground: winning tomorrow’s customers using sustainability driven innovation. Strategic Direction, 22(1), 35-37.
Machuki., V. N., & Aosa, E. (2011). The Influence of external environment on the performance of publicly quoted companies in Kenya. Business Administration and Management Journal. 1(7), 205-218.
Makori, D. & Jangongo, A., (2013). Working Capital Management and Firm Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Manufacturing and Construction Firms Listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya. International Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 1(1), 1-14.
Martin, R. L., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition. Stanford social innovation review, 5(2), 28-39.
Meijaard, J., Brand, M. J., & Mosselman, M. (2005). Organizational structure and performance in Dutch small firms. Small Business Economics, 25(1), 83-96.
McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Evidence-based inquiry. Research in Education, 6.
Melchor, H.O. (2008). Managing change in OECD governments: An introductory framework. OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, No. 12.Paris: OECD Publishing.
Melese, F., Blandin, J., &OKeefe, S. (2004). A new management model for government: Integrating Activity Based Costing, the Balanced Scorecard, and Total Quality
Management with the Planning, Programming and Budgeting System. International Public Management Review, 5(2), 103-131.
Miller, D., Madsen, S., & John, C.R. (2006). Readiness for change: Implications on employees’ relationship with management, job knowledge and skills, and job demands. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 3-16.
Miller, R. L., & Brewer, J. D.(2003) .The AZ of social research: A dictionary of key social science research concepts(Ed).London: Sage.
Mintzberg, H. (2003). The strategy process: concepts, contexts, cases. Pearson education.
Miring'u, A. N. (2011). An analysis of the effect of Corporate Governance on performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation).
Mitchell, R.K., & Cohen, B. (2006). Stakeholder theory and the entrepreneurial firm. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 17(1), 1-15.
Mokamba, J. (2015). Influence of quality management system on the relationship between internal factors and performance of Kenyan public universities. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis .Nairobi. JKUAT
Monari, D.G.(2016) Influence of performance management initiatives on service delivery in state corporations in Kenya. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Nairobi. JKUAT
Moran, J. W., & Brightman, B. K. (2000). Leading organizational change. Journal of Workplace Learning, 12(2), 66-74.
Moran, T. (2010). Empowering change: Fostering innovation in the Australian public sector. Commissioned by the Management Advisory Committee chaired by T Moran) Attorney-General's Department, Canberra.
Mori, N., & Munisi, G. (2009). Strategic Decision Making in Microfinance Organizations: Stakeholder Perspective. In First European Research Conference on Microfinance.
Mugambi, M. A., & Ngugi, P.K (2016). Influence of Intrapreneurial Strategies on Performance of State Corporations in Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development|| ISSN 2278–0211, 5(1).
Mugenda, M. O. and Mugenda, G. A. (2003). Research Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi, Kenya: ACT press
Mugenda, M., & Mugenda, G. A. (2009). Research methods, qualitative and qualitative approaches, Nairobi: Acts Press.
Mughal, M., & Diawara, B. (2011). Human capital and the adoption of information and communications technologies: Evidence from investment climate survey of Pakistan. Economics Discussion Paper, (2011-21).
Muindi, F. K. (2011). The relationship between participation in decision making and job satisfaction among academic staff in the school of business, university of Nairobi. Journal of Human Resources Management Research, 2011, 1-34.
Murimi, M. M., & Omondi, H. (2014). Influence of stakeholders involvement in organizational leadership on university performance: The case of Karatina University. International Journal of Current Business and Social Sciences, 1(2), 361-373.
Mwando., K.E., &Muturi, W. (2016).Strategic Management Practices in the Government of Kenya Ministries and Their Role on Change Implementation .International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management 3(2) 72-84
Mwaura, K. (2007). Failure of Corporate Governance in State Owned Enterprises and the Need for Restructured Governance in Fully and Partially Privatized Enterprises: The Case of Kenya, The. Fordham Int'l LJ, 31, 34.
Mwithi, J. M.(2016). Effect of leadership competencies on performance of State corporations in Kenya. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Nairobi. JKUAT
Ndahiro, S., Shukla, J., & Oduor, J (2015). Effect of change management on the performance of government institutions in Rwanda a case of Rwanda Revenue Authority. International Journal of Business and Management Review 3(5), 94-107.
Nickols (2006). The challenge of global change for strategy: Opportunities for charting a new course, in Shrivastava, A.H. and Dutton, J. (Eds), Advances in Strategic Management: Responding to a Changing World, Vol. 9, JAI Press.
Njuguna, E. N., & Muathe, S.M. (2016).A critical review of literature on change management on employees performance: International Journal of Research In Social Sciences, 6 (3), 9-22
Njuguna, J. (2009). Strategic Positioning for Sustainable Competitive Advantage: An Organisational Learning Approach, KCA Journal of Business Management, 2(1), 2-13
Njuguna, J. K., Munyoki, J. M., & Kibera, F. (2014). Influence of external organizational environment on performance of Community-Based HIV and AIDS organizations in Nairobi County, Kenya. European Scientific Journal, 10(28).
Noe, A. R., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2008). Human Resource Management: Getting a Competitive Advantage. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Noruzi, M. R., Westover, J. H., & Rahimi, G. R. (2010). An exploration of social entrepreneurship in the entrepreneurship era. Asian Social Science, 6(6), 3.
Nyström, M.E., Höög, E., Garvare, R., Weinehall, L., &Ivarsson, A. (2013), “Change and learning strategies in large scale change programs. Describing the variation of strategies used in a health promotion program”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 26 (6), 1020-1044.
Odhiambo, M. & Waiganjo, E. (2014). Role of Human Capital Management Strategies on Employee Mobility in Kenyas Public Universities. A case Study of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculutre and Technology(JKUAT). International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(6), 185-189
Ogollah, K., Bolo, Z.A., & Ogutu, M. (2011). Strategy structure environment linkage and corporate performance: A conceptual view. Prime Journals, 1(3), 101-113.
Oladele, O. (2006). Essentials of Marketing Management. Rev ed Lagos :Niyak Publications
Oliveira, T., & Martins, M. F. (2011). Literature Review of Information Technology AdoptionModelsatFirmlevel.Available:http://www.ejise.com/issue/download.html%3 FidArticle%3D705. pdf [Accessed 11 October 2014]
Orodho, J. A. (2008). Techniques of writing research proposals and reports in education and social sciences. Nairobi: Masola Publishers.
Palmer, I., & Dunford, R. (2008).Managing organizational change: A multiple perspective
approach. USA: Mcgraw Hill Higher Education.
Paul, A. K., & Anantharaman, R. N. (2003). Impact of people management practices on organizational performance: analysis of a causal model. International journal of human resource management, 14(7), 1246-1266.
Pearce, J. A., & Robinson, R. B. (2004). Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation and Control. (5th ed.). Homewood, IL: Richard D. IRWIN Inc.
Pearce, J. A., Robinson, R. B., & Subramanian, R. (2003). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control (4th ed.). Chicago: Illinois: Irwin. Prentice Hall.
Perrini, F., & Vurro, C. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: Innovation and social change across theory and practice. In Social entrepreneurship (pp. 57-85). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Rausch, E. (2007). Leadership in management education and development: criteria for quality decisions. European Business Review, 19(3), 257-268.
Republic of Kenya. (2013). Report of the Presidential Taskforce on Parastatal Reforms Presented to: His Excellency Hon. Uhuru Kenyatta, C.G.H. President and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces of the Republic of Kenya. Nairobi: Government Press.
Richard, P. J., Devinney, T. M., Yip, G. S., & Johnson, G. (2009). Measuring organizational performance: Towards methodological best practice. Journal of management, 35(3), 718-804
Ruch-Ross, H. S., Mash M., William, D. & Cartland, J. (2008). Role Sharing between evaluators and stakeholders in practice. American Journal of Evaluation, 29(4),460-477
Ruigrok, W., Peck, S.I. and Keller, H. (2006).Board characteristics and involvement in strategic decision making: evidence from Swiss companies. Journal Management Studies, 43 (5), 1201-1226
Rusuli, C, Tasmin, R., Takala, J. & Norazlin, H., (2013). Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis Results: A Study Type Knowledge Management Process at Malaysian University Libraries. Asian Social Science, 9(15), 1911-2017.
Şahin, K., Artan, S., & Tuysuz, S. (2015). The moderating effects of a board of directors on FDI’s international diversification in Turkey. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 23(1), 61-88.
Sambamurthy, V., Bharadwaj, A., & Grover, V. (2003). Shaping agility through digital options: Reconceptualizing the role of information technology in contemporary firms. MIS quarterly, 27(2), 237-263.
Santalainen, T. (2006). Strategic Thinking. Talentum Media Ltd.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2009).Research Methods for Business Students (5th Edition Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice -Hall
Sasaka, P. S.(2016). Effect of strategic management practices on the performance of corporate social responsibility of State Parastatals in Kenya. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Nairobi. JKUAT
Schuler, R., & Jackson, S. (2001). HR issues and activities in mergers and acquisitions. European Management Journal, 19(3), 239-253.
Sekaran, U. (2008). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. (4th ed.) New Delhi-India: John Willey and Sons, Ltd.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010) Research Methods for Business: A skill Building Approach. (5th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley and Son
Simpson, M., & Doherty, A. J. (2004). E-commerce adoption support and advice for UK SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(3), 315-328.
Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (2007). Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value: Looking inside the black box. Academy of management review, 32(1), 273-292.
Spanos, Y. E., & Lioukas, S. (2001). An examination into the causal logic of rent generation: contrasting Porter's competitive strategy framework and the resource‐based perspective. Strategic management journal, 22(10), 907-934.
Stacey, R. D. (2007). Strategic management and organisational dynamics: The challenge of complexity to ways of thinking about organisations. Pearson education.
Staw, B. M., & Epstein, L. D. (2000). What bandwagons bring: Effects of popular management techniques on corporate performance, reputation, and CEO pay. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3), 523-556.
Theriou, G. N., & Chatzoglou, P. D. (2009). Exploring the best HRM practices-performance relationship: An empirical approach. Journal of Workplace Learning, 21(8), 614-646.
Theuri, S., Mugambi, F. & Namusonge, G. (2015). Strategic Management Determinants of Value Addition of Industrial Fish Processors in the Sea Food Processing Sub-Chain in Kenya. Unpublished PhD Thesis. JKUAT.
Tilden, V. P., Nelson, C. A., & May, B. A. (1990). Use of qualitative methods to enhance content validity. Nursing Research, 39(3), 172-175.
Toms, S. (2010). Value, profit and risk: accounting and the resource-based view of the firm. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 23(5), 647-670.
Van Tonder, C. L. (2004). Organisational change: Theory and practice. Van Schaik Publishers.
Vinay, Garg, Bruce Walters & Richard (2003) in their study chief executive scanning emphases, environmental dynamism, and manufacturing firm performance
Wamalwa, E. (2003), Factors Influencing Investment Decisions in Parastatals in Kenya. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis. Nairobi. Kenyatta University.
Wanza, S. L., & Nkuraru, J. K. Influence of Change Management on Employee Performance: A Case of University of Eldoret, Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Science 7(4), 190-199
Woodside, A. G., & Biemans, W. G. (2005). Modeling innovation, manufacturing, diffusion and adoption/rejection processes. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 20(7), 380-393.
Yoneda, M., & Wright, P. J. (2005). Effect of temperature and food availability on reproductive investment of first-time spawning male Atlantic cod, Gadusmorhua. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 62(7), 1387-1393
Yong, A., & Pearce, S., (2013). A beginner’s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Tutotrials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94.
Youssef, A. B., Hadhri, W., & M'Henni, H. (2014). Adoption of Information and Communication Technologies and New Organizational Practices in the Tunisian Manufacturing Sector. Economics Bulletin, 34(4), 2237-2252.
Zandstra, G. (2002). Enron, board governance and moral failings. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 2(2), 16-19.
Zemzem, A., & Ftouhi, K. (2013). Moderating Effects of Board of Directors on the Relationship between Tax Planning and Bank Performance: Evidence from Tunisia. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(32), 148-154.
Zhang, Y., & Rajagopalan, N. (2010). Once an outsider, always an outsider? CEO origin, strategic change, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 31(3), 334-346.
Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C. & Griffin, M. (2010). Business Research Methods (8th ed.). New Delhi: McMillan Publishers.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v5i3.834
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
PAST ISSUES:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.