INFLUENCE OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AMONG NON-TEACHING STAFF MEMBERS IN SELECTED PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA
Abstract
Employee engagement has become a household name in contemporary human resource management practices. Organizations have to keep their employees engaged to maintain competitive advantage and keep up with changing trends in business. Poor human resource management practices in universities are evident. This has resulted in employees providing poor service to clients because they are not engaged in their work. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of management practices on employee engagement among non-teaching staff in selected public universities in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to investigate the influence of organizational support on employee engagement among non-teaching staff, to determine the influence of organizational justice on employee engagement among non-teaching staff, to explore the influence of supervisor support on employee engagement among non-teaching staff, and to analyse the influence of employee work environment on employee engagement among non-teaching staff in selected public universities in Kenya. The target population was 1673 non-teaching staff of the three selected universities out of which 321 formed the sample size. Purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents in management and simple random sampling technique was used to select non-teaching staff to avoid bias. Instruments for data collection were questionnaires which were distributed to respondents.
Keywords: Organizational Support, Organizational Justice, Supervisor Support, Employee Work Environment Employee Engagement
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdullah, M. and Ramay, I. (2012). Antecedents of Organizational Commitment of Banking Sector Employees in Pakistan. Serbian Journal of Management, 7 (1), 89 –102.
Agarwal, U. (2014). Linking Justice, Trust and Innovative Work Behavior to Work Engagement. Personnel Review, 43(1), 41–73.
Agyemang, C., and Ofei, S. (2013). Employee Work Engagement and Organizational Commitment: A Comparative Study of Private and Public Sector Organizations in Ghana. European Journal of Business and Innovation Research, 1(4), 20-33.
Agoi, L. (2015). Effect of Work Engagement on Employee Turnover Intention in Public Sector, Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(12), 431-436.
Ahmad, A. and Marinah, A. (2013). Learning Organization and Organizational Commitment in Primary School. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 60, 55.
Albrecht, S. (2012). The Influence of Job, Team and Organizational Level Resources on Employee Well-Being, Engagement, Commitment and Extra-Role Performance: Test of a Model. International Journal of Manpower, 33 (7), 840-853.
Allen, W. (2013). The Correlation between Corporate Volunteerism and Employee Engagement Levels of Employed Service Club Participants Located in Northern Missouri. Capella University.
Alvi, A. and Abbasi, A. (2012). Impact of Organizational Justice on Employee Engagement in Banking Sector of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12(5), 643-649.
Andrew, O. and Sofian, S. (2011). Engaging People Who Drive Execution and Organizational Performance. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/225034035_Individual_Factors_and Work Outcomes of Employee Engagement. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
Andrew, O. and Sofian, S. (2012). Individual Factors and Work Outcomes of Employee Engagement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 498–508.
Andrew, O. and Sofian, S. (2012). Individual Factors and Work Outcomes of Employee Engagement. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40(3), 56-57.
Aneela, M. (2012). Work environment, Burnout, Organizational Commitment, and Role of Personal Variables as Moderators. Doctoral dissertation, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of Employee Engagement and their Impact on Employee Performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308-323.
Aon Hewitt. (2014). 2014 Trends in Global Employee Engagement. Retrieved from www.Aonhewitt.com
Armstrong, (2010). Armstrong's Essential Human Resource Management Practice: A Guide to People Management, Recognition at work. Scottsdale: World at Work.
Armstrong, M. (2010). Strategic Human Resource Management. (1st Ed.) London: Kogan Page Limited.
Asegid, A., Belachew T., and Yimam E.(2014) Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction and Anticipated Turnover among Nurses in Sidama Zone Public Health Facilities, South Ethiopia. Nursing Research and Practice, vol. 2014 Article ID 909768, 26 pages.
Bal, P., Kooij, D., and DeJong, S. (2013). How Do Developmental and Accommodative HRM Enhance Employee Engagement and Commitment? The Role of Pyschological Contract and SOC Strategies. Journal of Management Studies, 546-572.
Bakar, R. (2013). Understanding Factors Influencing Employee Engagement: A Study of the Financial Sector in Malaysia. PHD thesis (unpublished), School of Management, RMIT University.
Bakken, B. and Trop, S. (2012). Work Engagement and Health among Industrial Workers. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 4(1), 4-20
Bakker, A. and Leiter, M. (2010). Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research. New York, Psychology Press.
Bakker, A. and Bal, P. (2010). Weekly Work Engagement and Performance: A Study Among Starting Teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 189-206.
Bakker, A. (2011). An Evidence-Based Model of Work Engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 265-269.
Bedarkar, M. and Pandita, D. (2014). A Study on the Drivers of Employee Engagement Impacting Employee Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 106115.
Beer, P. and Eisenstat, H. (2010). Recognition at Work. Scottsdale: World at Work.
Bidarian, S. Jafari, P. (2012). The Relationship Between Organizational Justice and Organizational Trust. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 1622-1626.
Biloch, A. and Lofstedt, A. (2013). Gamification and Performance Management: A Tool for Driving Competitiveness through Employee Engagement. Published thesis. Luleå University of Technology.
Biswas, S. and Bhatnagar J. (2013). Mediator Analysis of Employee Engagement: Role of Perceived Organizational Support, P-O Fit, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction VIKALPA 38(1), 27-40.
Blessingwhite Research (2011). Beyond Numbers in Practical Approach for Individual Managers and Executives, Employee Engagement Report, 40-43.
Braine, R., and Roodt, G. (2011). The job-Demands-Resource Model as Predictor of Work Identification and Work Engagement in a Comparative Analysis. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-11. Doi:10.4102/sajop.v37i12.889.
Caovette, M., Paradis, M. and Biron C. (2014). Implementing the Quebec ‘Healthy Enterprise’ Standard: Considering Readiness for Change and Psychosocial Safety Climate. in Corporate Wellness Programs: Linking Employee and Organizational Health. Health Promotion Research Centre,120-144.
Cascio, F., (2010). Managing Human Resources. Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Mujtaba, B. and Cavico, F. (2013). Corporate Wellness Programs: Implementation Challenges in the Modern American Workplace. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 1(2), 111–113.
Chandra, S. (2013). The Impact of Employee Engagement on Organization’s Productivity. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Managing Human Resources at the Workplace, SDMIMD, 13-14.
Chang, H., Hsu, H., Liou, J, and Tsai, C. (2013). Psychological Contracts and Innovative Behavior: A Moderated Path Analysis of Work Engagement and Job Resources. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2120-2135.
Chelangat, Z., (2016). Effect of Reward Management Practices on Organizational Commitment in State Corporations in Kenya: A case of KEFRI. The Strategic Journal of Business and Change Management, 3(20), 325-346.
Choo L., Mat N., and Al-omari M. (2013). Organizational Practices and Employee Engagement: A Case of Malaysia Electronics Manufacturing Firms. Business Strategy Series, 14(1), 3–10.
Coetzee, M. and Schreuder, A. (2011). The Relation between Career Anchors, Emotional Intelligence and Employability Satisfaction among Workers in the Service Industry. Southern African Business Review, 15(3), 76–97.
Cole, M. Walter, F., Bedeian A. and O'Boyle, E. (2012). ‘Job Burnout and Employee Engagement: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Construct Proliferation. Journal of Management, 38, 1550-1581.
Colquitt, J. and Rodell, J. (2011). Justice, Trust, and Trustworthiness: A Longitudinal
Analysis Integrating Three Theoretical Perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1183–1206.
Creswell, J. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. (4th ed.). Boston: Paperback.
Dajani, M. (2015). The Impact of Employee Engagement on Job Performance and Organizational Commitment in the Egyptian Banking Sector. Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 3(5), 139-142.
Dalal, R. S., Baysinger, M., Brummel, B. J. and Lebreton, J. (2012). The relative importance of employee engagement, other job attitudes, and trait affect as predictors of job performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42.
Danish, R., (2014). Determinants of Employee Engagement in Service Sector of Pakistan. Universal Journal of Management 2(2), 64-71.
Danish, R., Ramzan, S., and Ahmad, F. (2013). Effect of Perceived Organizational Support and Work Environment on Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Self-Monitoring. Advances in Economics and Business, 1(4), 312-317.
Dasgupta, S., Suar, D. and Singh, S. (2013), Impact of Managerial Communication Styles on Employees’ Attitudes and Behaviours. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 35(2), 173-199.
DeJoy, D., Della, L, Vandenberg R, et al. (2010) Making Work Safer: Testing a Model of Social Exchange and Safety Management. Journal of Safety Research, 41, 163-171.
Demerouti, E., and Cropanzano, R. (2010). From Thought to Action: Employee Work Engagement and Job Performance in Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research (147–163).
Dessler, G. (2013). Human Resource Management. (13th Ed.). Essex: Pearson.
Du, Plooy, J. and Roodt, G. (2010). Work Engagement, Burnout And Related Constructs as Predictors of Turnover Intention. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(1), 1-13.
Dul, J. and Ceylan, C. (2011) Work environments for employee creativity. Ergonomics, 54(1), 12-20.
Education Limited. E-Proceeding of the International Conference on Social Science Research, ICSSR 2015 (e-ISBN 978-967-0792-04-0). 8 & 9 June 2015, Meliá Hotel Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Eisenberger, R. and Stinglhamber, F. (2011). Perceived Organizational Support: Fostering Enthusiastic and Productive Employees. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Fatt, C. (2010). The Impact of Organizational Justice on Employees’ Job Satisfaction: The Malaysian Companies Perspectives. Economics and Business Administration. 2(1), 56-63.
Gaudet, M., Tremblay, M. and Doucet, O. (2014). Exploring the Black Box of the Contingent Reward Leadership-Performance Relationship: The Role of the Perceived Justice and Emotional Exhaustion. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(6), 897 -914.
Gichohi, P. (2014). The Role of Employee Engagement in Revitalizing Creativity and Innovation at the Workplace: A Survey of Selected Libraries in Meru County. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1171.
Goetzel, R., Henke, R., Tabrizi, M, Pelletier, K., Loeppke, R. and Ballard, D. (2014) Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56(9), 927-934.
Gujral, H.K. (2013). Determinants and Outcomes of Employee Engagement: A Comparative Study in Information Technology (IT) Sector. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences 2(5), 208-215.
Gruman, J. and Saks, A. (2011). Performance Management and Employee Engagement. Human Resource Management Review. 21(2), 123–136.
Gupta, M., Ganguli, S., and Ponnam, A. (2015). Factors Affecting Employee Engagement in India: A Study on Offshoring of Financial Services. The Qualitative Report, Retrieved fromhttp://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol20/iss4/11.
Haggins, R. (2011). A Correlational Study of Work Environment Factors and Organizational Commitment in Southern California Staff Nurses (Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix).
Hammerback, K., Hannon, P., Harris, J., Clegg -Thorp, C., Kohn, M., and Parrish, A. (2015). Perspectives on Workplace Health Promotion among Employees in Low-Wage Industries. American Journal of Health Promotion, 29(6), 384-392.
Hassan, S., Hassan, M., and Shoaib, M. (2014). Measuring the Impact of Perceived Organization Support, Psychological Empowerment and Rewards on Employees’ Satisfaction: Testing the Mediating Impact of Employee Engagement. World Applied Sciences Journal, 30 (5), 652-660.
Heartfield, S. (2012). Keys to Employee Satisfaction: What You Can Do to Increase Employee Satisfaction. http://humanresources.about.com/od/employee satisfaction/a/employee_satisfaction.htm
Hennessey, B. and Amabile, T. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 6, 569-598.
Hewitt, A. (2012) Trends in Global Employee Engagement: Aon Corporation retrieved August 11, 2013 from http//www.aon.com/attachment/human capital consulting/2012_trends in Global Engagement_Final_v.11.pdf.
Ibrahim, M. and Falasi, S. (2011). Employee Loyalty and Engagement In UAE Public Sector. Employee Relations, 36(5), 562–582.
Igella, R. (2014) Factors Influencing Employee Commitment: a case of Kenya Civil Aviation Authority. unpublished thesis, Kenya.
Igoki, C.M., (2014). Emotional intelligence influence on Employee engagement sustainability in Kenyan public universities International Journal of academic research in Public policy and governance Jan. 1(1)
Imandin, J., and Bisschoff, B. (2014). A Model to Measure Employee Engagement: Problems and Perspectives in Management, 12(4), 520-524.
Jain, M. and Mathur, G., (2015). Effect of Organizational Justice and Employee Engagement on Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Core Engineering and Management 2(3).
Joshi, Rama J. and Sodhi, J. (2011). Drivers of Employee Engagement in Indian Organizations. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(1), 20-39.
Jeung, C. W. (2011). The Concept of Employee Engagement: A Comprehensive Review from a Positive Organizational Behavior Perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 24(2), 49–69.
Kaiser, S., Ringsletter M., Eikhof D. and Cunha, M. (2011). Creating Balance (1st Ed.). Springer. Berlin.
Karatepe, O. And Ngeche, R. (2012). Does Job Embeddedness Mediate the Effect of Work Engagement? A Study of Hotel Employees In Cameroon. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 21(94), 440-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.626730 27.
Kellinger, C. and Anderson, D. (2010). Doing More with Less? Flexible Working Practices and the Intensification of Work. Human relations, 63(1), 83-106.
Kipkebut, D. (2010). Organisational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Higher Educational Institutions: The Kenyan Case. PhD Thesis, Middlesex University.
Kipkebut, D. and Korir, I. (2016). The Effect of Reward Management on Employees’ Commitment in the Universities in Nakuru County, Kenya.
Khalid, A. et al. (2015). Relationship between organizational commitment and career satisfaction: a case of University of Gujrat. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences 39(11).
Khalifeh, A. and Som M., (2013). The Antecedents Affecting Employee Engagement and Organizational Performance. Canadian Centre of Social Science and Education, 9(7), 556-570.
Khuong, M. and Le Vu, P. (2014). Measuring the Effects of Drivers Organizational Commitment through the Mediation of Job Satisfaction: A Study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2(2), 1-16.
Komodromos, M. (2014). Employees Perceptions of Trust, Fairness and the Management of Change in Three Private Universities in Cyprus. Journal of Human Resource Management and Labour Studies 2(2), 35-54.
Kossek E., (2018) Workplace Social Support and Work–Family Conflict: A Meta-Analysis Clarifying The Influence Of General And Work–Family-Specific Supervisor and Organizational Support. Personnel Psychology, 64, 289–313.
Kralj, A. and Solnet, D. (2011). The Influence of Perceived Organizational Support on Engagement: A Cross-Generational Investigation in the Hospitality Industry. International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track. 9. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/refereed/ICHRIE_2011/Thursday/
Lane, K., Esser, J., Holte, B. and Mccusker, M. (2010). A Study of Nurse Faculty Job Satisfaction in Community Colleges in Florida. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 5, 16-26.
LePine, J., Crawford, E. and Rich B. (2010). Linking Job Demands and Resources to Employee Engagement and Burnout: A Theoretical Extension and Meta-Analytic Test. Journal of applied psychology, 5(95), 834-848.
Lo, M. C., & Ramayah, T. (2011). Mentoring and job satisfaction in Malaysian SMEs. Journal of Management Development 30(11).
MacLeod, D., Clarke, N. (2011). Engaging for success: Enhancing performance through employee engagement.
Markos, S., Siredevi, M. (2010). Employee Engagement: The Key to Improving Performance. International Journals of Business and Management 5(12)89-94.
Massoudi, A. and Hamdi, A. (2017). The Consequence of Work Environment on Employees Productivity. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(1). 35-42.
Menguc, B., Auh, S., Fisher, M., and Haddad, A. (2013). To be Engaged or not to be Engaged: The Antecedents and Consequences of Service Employee Engagement. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2163-2170.
Marrelli, A. (2011). Employee Engagement and Performance Management in the Federal Sector. International Society for Performance Improvement, 50(5), 5–13.
McEwen, D. (2011). Employee Engagement: A Systemic Approach to High Employee Engagement. Available at: http://www.cgnglobal.com/sites/default/files/Employee_Engagement_CGN%20Global.pdf
Mehboob, F. and Bhutto N. (2012). Job Satisfaction as a Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Study of Faculty Members at Business Institutes. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(9) 1447-1450.
Mohapatra, M., and Sharma, B. (2010). Study of Employee Engagement and its Predictors in an Indian Public Sector Undertaking. Global Business Review, 11(2), 281-301.
Mokaya, S. (2013). Effects of Organizational Work Conditions on Employee Job Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry in Kenya. International Journal of Arts and Commerce 2(2).
Moscoso, S., Garcia, A. and Ramos, V. (2012) Reactions to the Fairness of Promotion Methods: Precedural Justice and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Selection and Assessment
Mugo, K.,Wario G. and Odhiambo, R. (2014) Relationship Between Job Characteristics and Employee Engagement among State Corporations in Kenya. International journal of Innovative Research and Studies 3(5) 333-345.
Momena, A., Nur, E. Alam, S., and Asraful, A. (2013). HRM Practices and Its Impact on Employee Performance: Study of the Cement Industry in Bangladesh. Global Disclosure of Economics and Business, 2(2), 2305- 9168.
Morrison, E. (2011). Employee Voice Behaviour: Integration and Direction for Future Research. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 373-412.
Muchai, M., Mwangi, B. (2012). Effect of Employee Rewards and Recognition on Job Performance in Kenya Public Sector: A Case Study of Nakuru Water and Sanitation Services Company Ltd. Journal of Human Resource Management and Labour Studies 2 (2), 2151-2158.
Munyiva, J. (2015). Role of Human Resource Management Practices on Retention of Staff in Public Health Institutions in Machakos County, Kenya. Published PhD thesis. Kenya.
Mutumbu L., Huka G., Muketha K. (2016) Influence of Employee Training On Employee Engagement In Non-Governmental Organizations Operating on Meru County, Kenya. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 3(10), 85-86.
Muchai, M. and Mwangi, B. (2012). Effect of Employee Rewards and Recognition on Job Performance in Kenya’s Public Sector: A Case Study of Nakuru Water and Sanitation Ltd. International Journal of Science and Research, 3 (9), 2151-2156.
Mwangi G. (2015). Factors Influencing Commitment and Engagement of Healthcare Workers at Kenyatta National Hospital (published thesis).
Nadiri, H. and Tanova, C. (2010). An Investigation of the Role of Justice in Turnover Intentions, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 33–41.
Nawaz, N., Jahanian, A. and Tehreem, S. (2012). Determinants of Employee Retention in Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). European Journal of Business and Management, 4(7).
Nazar, G. and Van der Heijden, B. (2012). Career Identity and Its Impact Upon Self-Perceived Employability Among Chilean Male Middle-Aged Managers. Human Resource Development International, 15 (2), 141–156.
Nduru, M. (2014). An Investigation into the Effects of Lack of Employee Engagement on Job Performance: A study of UAP Insurance Kenya, Mombasa branch office. Published PhD thesis. Kenya.
Ng’ethe, M. (2013). Determinants of Staff Retention in Public universities in Kenya. Published PhD Thesis, Kenya.
Nzuve, S. and Mwangi, P. (2015). Factors Perceived To Influence Employees’ Performance: A Case of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Problems of Management in the 21stcentury,10, (2), 88-99.
Oluoch, D. (2014). The Moderating Effect of Employee Engagement in The Relationship Between Strategic Planning and Organizational Performance. Published Project Report, Kenya.
Ongel, E (2014). The Relationship between Organizational Performance: Implementations of Organizations. International Journal of Social Sciences 25(1), 3-6.
Ongori, H. (2008). A Review of the Literature on Employee Turnover. African Journal of Business Management, 1(3), 34-40
Otieno, G., Waiganjo, M. and Njeru P. (2015). Effect of Employee Engagement on Organizational Performance in Kenya’s Horticultural Sector. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(2), 138-145
Owolabi A. (2012). Effect of Organizational Justice and Organizational Environment on Turn-Over Intention of Health Workers in Ekiti State, Nigeria Research in World Economy, 3(1), 28–34.
Parveen, P. (2013). Employee Engagement: A Shared Practice in Varied Organizations. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(1)11, 1-4.
Perryer, C., Jordan C., Firns I. and Travaglione A. (2010). Predicting Turnover Intentions. The Interactive Effects of Organizational Support. Management Research Review, 33(9), 911–923.
Price, A. (2011). Human Resource Management.UK: Brendan George.
Popli, S. and Rizvi, I. (2015). Exploring the Relationship Between Service Orientation, Employee Engagement and Perceived Leadership Style: A Study of Managers in The Private Service Sector Organizations in India. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(1), 59–70.
Prowse, P. and Prowse, J. (2010). Whatever Happened to Human Resource Management Performance? International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 59 (2), 154-162
Rahman, N. (2015). Determinants of Employee Engagement and Knowledge Management for Enhancing Employee Engagement. Retrieved from http://WorldConferences.net
Richardson, S. (2010). Employee Engagement: Through Effective Performance Management - A Practical Guide for Managers. Ergonomics, 53,1506–1507.
Robson, D. (2011) "Measuring value in the coaching relationship", Strategic HR Review, 10(2)
Russo, D. (2010). 17 Rules Successful Companies Use to Attract and Keep Top Talent. Why Engaged Employees are Your Greatest Sustainable Advantage. Canada: Financial Times Press.
Sakovska, M. (2012). Importance of Employee Engagement in Business Environment: Measuring the engagement level of administrative personnel in VUC Aarhus and detecting factors requiring improvement. Published thesis, Aarhus University.
Saks, A. and Gruman, J. (2011). Manage Employee Engagement to Manage Performance, Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 4(2), 204-207.
Sanborn, P., and Oehler, K. (2014). 2014 Trends in Global Employee Engagement. England.
Sanders, M. L., & McClellan, J. G. (2012). Being business-like while pursuing a social mission: Acknowledging the inherent tensions in US non-profit organizing. Organization, 21, 68–89.
Scarlett, K. (2010). Quality Employee Engagement Measurement. The New HR Analytics, 108-122.
Schalkwyk, L., Els C. and Rothman, I. (2011). The Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support in the Relationship Between Workplace Bullying and Turnover Intention Across Sectors in South Africa. Journal of Human Resource Management, 384-397.
Shah S., Jaffari, A., Aziz, J., Ejaz, W., Ul-Haq, I. and Raza, S. (2011). Workload and Performance of Employees. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(5): 256–267.
Schaufeli, W. and Salanova, M., (2011). Work Engagement: on how to Better Catch a Slippery Concept. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 39-46.
Shiu, E., Jiang Z., Zaefarian G., (2014) Antecendents of Behavioural Commitment in Inter Organizational Relationships; a field study of UK construction firms.
Shoss, M., Eisenberger, R., Restubog, S., and Zagenczyk, T. (2013). Blaming the Organization for Abusive Supervision: The Roles of Perceived Organizational Support and Supervisor’s Organizational Embodiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 158-168.
Shuck, B., Reio Jr, T. and Rocco, T. (2011). Employee Engagement: An Examination of Antecedent and Outcome Variables. Human resource development international, 14(4), 427-445
Shuck, K. and Wollard. (2010). Employee Engagement and HRD: A Seminal Review of the Foundations. Human Resources Development Review. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(2), 78-90.
Shuck, M., Rocco, T. and Albornoz, C. (2011). Exploring Employee Engagement from the Employee Perspective: Implications for HRD. Journal of European Industrial Training, 35(4), 300-325.
Simon, S. (2011). The Essentials of Employee Engagement in Organizations. Journal of Contemporary Research in Management. 6(11).
Sinha, C. and Sinha R. (2012). Factors Affecting Employee Retention: A Comparative Analysis of two Organizations from Heavy Engineering Industry. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(3), 145-160.
Solnet, D. and Kralj, A. (2011). The Influence of Perceived Organizational Support on Engagement: A Cross-Generational Investigation in the Hospitality Industry. International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track 9.
Sterling, E. (2013). Affective and Cognitive Implications of Group Membership Becoming Part of the Self: New Models of Prejudice and of the Self-Concept. Elsvier, New York.
Surya, P. and Kumar, P. (2010). Employee Engagement: Role of Self-efficacy, Organizational Support & Supervisor Support Indian Journal of Industrial Relations 46(1), 126-137.
Swanberg, J., Mckechnie, S., Ojha, M. and James, J., (2011). Schedule Control, Supervisor Support and Work Engagement: A Winning Combination for Workers in Hourly Jobs?. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 79(3), 613-624.
Taufek, F., Zulkifle, Z., and Sharif, M. (2016). Sustainability in Employment: Reward System and Work Engagement. Procedia Economics and Finance,35, 699-704.
Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, E., Alfes, K. and Delbridge, R. (2013). Employee Engagement, Organizational Performance, and Individual Well-Being: Exploring The Evidence, Developing the Theory. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 232–233.
Truss, K., Soane, E., Delbridge, R., Alfes, K., Shantz, A. and Petrov, G. (2011). Employee Engagement, Organizational Performance, and Individual Well-Being: Exploring The Evidence, Developing The Theory. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2014 (1).
Tymon, W., Stephen J., Richard A., Jr, Stumpf, S. & Smith R. (2011). Manager Support Predicts Turnover of Professionals in India. Career Development International, 16(3), 293–312.
Van den Berg, B., Bakker, A. and Cate T. (2013). Key Factors in Work Engagement and Job Motivation of Teaching Faculty at a University Medical Centre. Perspectives on Medical Education, 2(5), 264–275.
Wachira, J. (2013). Relationship Between Employee Engagement and Commitment in Barclays Bank of Kenya. Published Masters Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Wali, R. and Zekeriya N. (2013). Employee Development and Turnover Intention: Theory Validation. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(6), 564-579.
Wambui N. (2010). Employee Engagement in Afya Savings and Credit Cooperative Society (SACCO) Ltd. Published thesis, Kenya.
Wallgren, L. (2011). Motivation requested - Work motivation and the Work Environment of IT Consultants. Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
West, M. and Dawson, J. (2012). Employee Company's Growth - A Managerial Perspective. Procedia Economics and Finance, 3(12).
Wu, I.-L., & Chen, J.-L. (2014). Knowledge management driven firm performance: the roles of business process capabilities and organizational learning. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(6),
Yavas, U., Karatepe, O. and Babakus, E. (2010). Relative Efficacy of Organizational Support and Personality Traits in Predicting Service Recovery and Job Performances: A Study of Frontline Employees. Turkey Tourism review 65(3), 70-85.
Zacher, H., and Winter, G. (2011). Eldercare Demands, Strain, and Work Engagement: The Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(3), 667-680.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v5i3.866
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
PAST ISSUES:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.