FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM IN UGANDA: A CASE OF WEST NILE REGION

Joseph Onzia, Willy Muturi

Abstract


The Electricity Act, 1999 established the legal framework for achieving Government of Uganda’s objectives for rural electrification. The primary objective of the Rural Electrification strategy is to reduce inequalities in access to electricity. The Rural Electrification Program is important to Uganda because it will stimulate balanced national development between the rural and urban areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing effective implementation of rural electrification program in Uganda: a case study of West Nile Region. The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of consumer electrification costs, program funding, stakeholder support and staff capability on effective implementation of rural electrification program. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population was 355365 respondents. Stratified sampling was used for electricity consumers with stratum sizes of 98:1:1 for households, health centers and schools respectively. Simple random sampling was then used to select the respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires for the electricity consumers and interviews for WENRECO managers. Pilot study was conducted at Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited (UEDCL) to test the validity and reliability of the instruments. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study established that a unit increase in cost of electricity will lead to a 0.242 increase in the implementation of rural electrification program; a unit increase in stakeholder participation will lead to a 0.432 increase in the implementation of rural electrification program; a unit increase in the staff capability will lead to a 0.091 increase in the implementation of rural electrification program while a unit increase in the program funding will lead to a 0.043 increase in the implementation of rural electrification program. The study concluded that the cost of house wiring materials, high connection fee and tariff affects effective implementation of rural electrification program in West Nile region. Electricity access was at about 1.92% and generation deficit is expected to increase to 5.2MW even when the planned 4.4MW mini hydro on river Nyagak is commissioned by 2018. The stakeholders were not fully involved in the implementation of rural electrification program in West Nile Region though majority of them support the electrification program. The relevant projects in generation, transmission and distribution network were not effectively coordinated so as to mitigate losses to Distribution Company. Most of the electricity users had ever been disconnected from power because of failing to pay on time which affected the funding of rural electricity program though the organization ensured that there was frequent line maintenance. The consumers were confident that the staffs were capable, they issued network maintenance notices in advance and faults along the power lines were cleared within shortest time possible. This shows that the organization has very good staff development plans that support its strategy. The study recommended subsidizing of consumer connections cost, domestic house wiring material cost and the unit cost of energy.  Aggregate distribution losses should be reduced by the service provider to acceptable levels. Program stakeholders should be fully involved and sufficient funds should be allocated and timely disbursed which requires identification of more program funders. The organizations should continuously train staff so that new skills acquired. This study will therefore benefit policy makers and stakeholders participating in implementation of rural electrification program in Uganda, rural electricity consumers and students wishing to undertake research in implementation of effective and sustainable rural electrification program.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Adiele, E. E. & Abraham N. M. (2013). Achievements of Abraham Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy Theory among Teachers: Implications for Human Resource Management in the Secondary School System in River State. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 2(1) 22-44.

Adriaan N. Z. (2001). Rural Electrification. University of Twente, PhD thesis.

AFIEGO. (2009). The Implementation of Rural Electrification Program In Uganda: Prospects and Challenges of Rural Electrification In Uganda. Report no.3. Retrieved from http:// www.afiego.org/index.php/downloads/46-the-implementation.

Alexandra, N. (2010). Comparative Study on Rural Electrification Policies in Emerging Economies, Key to Successful Policies. International Energy Agency

Ambisisi, A. (2011). Causes of Project Delay and Cost Overrun, and Mitigation Approach. Retrieved in January 2014 from http://www.academia.edu

Amoako, K. G & Kwasi, D. (2011). Application of Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory in Assessing and Understanding Employee Motivation at Work: A Ghanaian Perspective. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(9) 22-39.

And, K. & Daniel V, D, B. (2013). In Search of Viable Business Models For Development: Sustainable Energy In Developing Countries. Retrieved from http://www.europeanfinancial review.com.

Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) (2004). Institutional Reforms and their Impact of Rural Electrification: South and Southeast Asia. Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD), Roskilde, Denmark

Assaf, S. A. & Al-hejji. S. (2006). Causes of Delay in Large Construction Projects. International Journal of Project Management, 24(4), 349 – 357.

Bacon R. W. & Besant-Jones J. (2001). Global Electric Power reform, Privatisation and Liberalisation of the Electric Power Industry in Developing Countries. World Bank, Washington D.C. USA

Barnes, D. F., & Floor, W. M. (2006). Rural energy in developing countries: A challenge for economic development 1. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 21(1), 497-530.

Blattberg, C. (2004). Welfare: Towards the Patriotic Corporation. From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bongani, N. (2013). Stakeholder Perception of Socio-Economic Benefits of Rural Electrification Program In Zimbabwe: A Case Of Umzingwane District. American Journal of Rural Development, 1(3) 33-39.

Borg, W. R. & Gall, M. D. (1989). Education Research: An Introduction (4th ed). New York: Longman.

Chen, X. P., Yao, X., & Kotha, S. (2009). Entrepreneur passion and preparedness in business plan presentations: a persuasion analysis of venture capitalists' funding decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1), 199-214.

Chimhanzi, J. & Morgan, R. E. (2005). Explanations from the marketing/human resources dyad for marketing strategy implementation effectiveness in service firms. Journal of Business Research, 58, 787-796.

Cook, P. (2013). Rural Electrification and Rural Development. University of Manchester.

Cooper, C. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business Research methods.Seventh edition. New York: Irwin/ McGraw-Hill

Daniel, W. (2012). Principles of Successful Expansion of Rural Electrification Programs. Proceeding of Pacific Energy Summit.

Davidson, O. & Y. Sokona (2002). ‘A New Sustainable Energy Path for African Development: Think Bigger, Act Faster’, Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

Department for International Development (DFID) (2002). Energy for the Poor: Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals. DFID, London

DeVilles, R. F. (1991). Scale development. Newbury: Sage publications.

Di Sciullo, A. M., & Williams, E. (2007). On the definition of word (14th ed). Cambridge, MA: MIT press.

Douglas, B. & Tuntivate V. (2009). Proceeding of AEI Practioners workshop, Maputo, Mozambique. , 9 – 12 June 2009.

Douglas, F. B. (2010). Eight Steps to Successful Rural Electrification Programs. Retrieved from http://www.energyfordevelopment.com/2010/03/successful-rural-electrification.html

Eric, M. & Kilian R. (2000). Regulatory Approaches to Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy: Case Studies from Six Developing Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Foster, V. & Briceno-Garmendia (2010). Africa’s Infrastructure: A time for transformation. The World Bank, Washington DC.

Frank L. & Giancola, H. (2011). Examining the Job Itself as a Source of Employee Motivation. New York: Sage publication.

Ghanadan, R. (2005). External Review of GNESD Reports: AFREPREN East Africa Region.

Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD) (2007). Reaching the Millennium Development Goals and Beyond: Access to modern forms of energy as a prerequisite. GNESD, Denmark.

GNESD. (2004). Energy Access theme results: Synthesis/Compilation Report. Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD), United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), Roskilde, Denmark.

Goldratt, E. & Cox, J. (2004). The Goal: a Process of ongoing Improvement. Great Barrington, MA: North River Press.

Gouvello, C. (2002). The limitations of the conventional grid: Bank on complementarity in C. Gouvello and Y. Maigne (Eds.) Decentralised Rural Electrification: An opportunity formankind, technique for the planet. Solaires, Paris.

Govindarajan V. (1989). Implementing Competitive Strategies at the Business Unit Level:Implications of Matching Managers to Strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 251- 269

Gradl, C. & Knobloch, C. (2011). Energize the BoP! Energy Business Model Generator forLow- Income Markets: A practitioners’ guide. An Endeva publication supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, E.On Energie AG and GIZ. Endeva UG, Berlin.

Groff, P. L. & Terhaar, M. (2010). Using Maslow’s Pyramid and the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators to Attain a Healthier Work Environment. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16(1), 345-370.

Haanyika C. M. (2004). Rural Electrification and Power Sector Reforms in Zambia. Master’s Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

Hamidreza, A., Shahrzad, K., Abbas, G., Mahdi, B.& Mahbod, V. (2010). Identification of Causes of Non-Excusable Delays of Construction Projects. International Conference on e-Business, Management and Economics. Hong Kong: IACSIT press.

Hasan, F & Kami, M. I. (2010). The Performance Implications of Fit among Environment Strategy, Structure, Control System and Social Performance. Social and environmental accounting, 3(2) 117-142.

Helene, A. & Linus, H. (2011). Drivers and Barriers to Rural Electrification in Tanzania and Mozambique – Grid Extension, Off-grid and Renewable Energy Sources. World Renewable Congress. Linkoping, Sweden.

Hisham, Z. (2007). Making Small Work: Business models for Electrifying the World. Stanford: Stanford University CA.

Hopper, V. F. (2011). Medieval number symbolism: its sources, meaning, and influence on thought and expression. Courier Dover Publications.

IEA (2013). World energy outlook. Retrieved from http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase/

Jadresic & Alejandro (2000). A case Study on Subsidising Rural Electrification in Chile. In: ESMAP, (2000), Energy Services for the World’s Poor – Energy and Development Report 2000, Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, World Bank, Washington D.C, USA.

John, D & Vicky Mabin, V. (2009). Theory of Constraints. New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington.

Katie, A. (2010). Rural Electrification in Oregon 1930-1955. Thesis Submitted to Department of History Linfield College.

Kessides I. N. (2004). Reforming Infrastructure: Privatisation, Regulation and Competition. World Bank and Oxford Press, Washington D.C., USA.

Kikwasi, G. J. (2012). Causes and Effects of Delays and Disruptions in Construction Projects in Tanzania. Australian Journal of Construction, Economics and Building, conference series 1 (2) 52-59.

Kirsi, A. (2010). Stakeholder Management in International Projects. Aolto University, doctoral dissertation series 2010/13.

Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.

Kombo D. K. & Tromp D. L. A. (2006). Proposal and Thesis Writing – A Production: Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa

Kothari, C. K. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. Kolkata, India: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers.

Krishnaswamy, S., (2010). Shifting of Goal Posts.Rural Electrification in India: A progress report. Report by the Vasudha Foundation prepared in collaboration with Christian Aid, Bangalore, India.

Lombardo, S. & Kvålshaugen, R. (2014). Constraint-Shattering Practices and Creative Action In Organizations. Organization Studies, 35 (4), 587-611

Lynda, B. (2006). Project Relationships and the Stakeholder Circle. Proceeding of PMI research conference. Centre Mont-Royal, Montreal Canada 16th-19th July 2006.

Miller, G. A. (2005). WordNet: a lexical database for English. Communications of the ACM, 38(11), 39-41.

Mugenda & Mugenda (2003). Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.

Mugenda & Mugenda (2008). Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.

Nunan, D. (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Orodho A. J. (2005). Techniques of writing research proposals and reports in Educational and Social Sciences, (2nd ed) Nairobi: kaneja H.P Enterprises.

Owens, L. K. (2002). Introduction to Survey Research Design. SRL Fall 2002 Seminar Series. Retrieved May 31, 2013 from http://www.srl.uic.edu

Pelegrini, L. & Tasciotti, L. (2012). Rural Electrification Now and Then: Comparing Contemporary Challenges in Developing Countries to USA’s Experience in Retrospect. Erasmus University of Rotterdam, International Institute of Social Studies, Den Haag, Netherlands.

Peng, W. & Littlelijohn, D. (2001). Organizational Communication and Strategy Implementation – A primary inquiry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 13, 360-363

Philpott Julia & Clark Alix (2002). South Africa: Electricity Reform with a Human Face. In Dubash Navroz K. (eds). Power Politics: Equity and Environment in Electricity Reform. World Resources Institute. Washington DC, USA.

Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan (2013-2022). Retrieved from http://www.rea.or.ug/.

Sambasivan, M. & Soon, Y. W. (2007). Causes and Effects of Delays in Malaysian Construction Industry. International Journal of Project Management, 25(5), 517 – 526 .

Schillebeeckx, S. J. D., Priti, P., Rahul, B. & Gerard, G. (2013). An Integrated Framework for Rural Electrification. Adopting a User-Centric Approach to Business Model Development. London: Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus.

SEI, (2001). Rural Energy Service Companies – Experiences from Zambia, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Syed, M. A., Salman, A., Mauricio, C. & Pragnya, K. (2002). Construction Delays in Florida; an Empirical Study. Final report, Submitted to planning consultant, state of Florida, department of community affairs. Retrieved in February 2014 from http://www.cm.fiu.edu/pdfs/Research_Reports/Delays_Project.pdf.

Togar, M. S., Alan, C. W. & Ramaswami, S. (2004). Applying the Theory of Constraints to Supply Chain Collaboration. International journal, 9 (1), 23-29.

Usha, K. (2013). A study of rural electrification in India: Challenges and alternatives. Renewable research journal, 4(2), 128-130.

Vinod K. S. (2003). Consumer Participation and Social Acceptance of Rural Electrification Strategies. Retrieved from http://www.energyanddevelopment.com/issue0105.htm

Viseras, E. M. Baines, T. & Sweeney, M. (2005). Key success factors when implementing strategic manufacturing initiatives. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 25, 151-179

Wamukonya, N. (2003). Electricity Reforms: Social and Environmental Challenges. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Development, Roskilde, Denmark

WEC, (1999). The Challenge of Rural Energy Poverty in Developing Countries. World Energy Council (WEC), London, United Kingdom

World Bank (1993). Power Supply in Developing Countries: Will Reform Work? Proceedings of a Roundtable Co-sponsored by the World Bank and Electricite de France. Washington DC. USA.

World Bank. (2010). Addressing Electricity Access Gap: World Bank.

World Bank/IEG (2008). The Welfare Impact of Rural Electrification: A Reassessment of the Costs and Benefits-An IEG Impact Evaluation.http://go.worldbank.org/ZE4B692E10

Yadoo, A. (2012). Delivery Models of Decentralized Rural Electrification. Case Studies of Kenya, Nepal and Peru. PhD Thesis University of Cambridge.

Yamane Taro (1967). Statistics, An Introductory Analysis,2nd ed, New York: Harper and Row

Zhang, X. & Kumar, A. (2011). Evaluating renewable energy-based rural electrification program in western China: Emerging problems and possible scenarios. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(1), 773-779




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v2i2.195

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

PAST ISSUES:
20242023202220212020201920182017201620152014
Vol 11, No 4 [2024]Vol 10, No 4 [2023]Vol 9, No 4 [2022]Vol 8, No 4 [2021]Vol 7, No 4 [2020]Vol 6, No 4 [2019]Vol 5, No 4 [2018]Vol 4, No 4 [2017]Vol 3, No 4 [2016]Vol 2, No 2 [2015]Vol 1, No 2 [2014]
 Vol 11, No 3 [2024] Vol 10, No 3 [2023] Vol 9, No 3 [2022]Vol 8, No 3 [2021]Vol 7, No 3 [2020]Vol 6, No 3 [2019]Vol 5, No 3 [2019]Vol 4, No 3 [2017]Vol 3, No 3 [2016]Vol 2, No 1 [2015]Vol 1, No 1 [2014]
 Vol 11, No 2 [2024] Vol 10, No 2 [2023] Vol 9, No 2 [2022]Vol 8, No 2 [2021]Vol 7, No 2 [2020]Vol 6, No 2 [2019]Vol 5, No 2 [2018]Vol 4, No 2 [2017]Vol 3, No 2 [2016]  
 Vol 11, No 1 [2024] Vol 10, No 1 [2023] Vol 9, No 1 [2022]  Vol 8, No 1 [2021]Vol 7, No 1 [2020]Vol 6, No 1 [2019]Vol 5, No 1 [2018]Vol 4, No 1 [2017]Vol 3, No 1 [2016]   


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.