G20 AND AFRICAN UNION DEVELOPMENT: BUILDING ALLIANCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Abstract
US-Africa summit leaders’ session on partnering on the African unions Agenda 2063 held in Washington on December 15, 2022 US president Joe Biden announced that he would support the African Union joining the G20 group of large or major economies as a permanent member part of Washington’s effort to reinvigorate ties with a region that has taken a back seat to other priorities in recent years. India holds the presidency of the G20 from December 2022 to November 30 2023. Brazil would host the G20 in 2024 followed by South Africa in 2025. The group of twenty (G20) was formed in 1999 and was originally a meeting the ministers of finance and governors of central banks in the effort to broaden the discussion of policies that are beneficial for reasoning the global economic and financial crisis. The group of twenty (G20) is the premier forum for interpretation economic cooperation. The G20 leaders’ summit 2022 convened under the Indonesian presidency focused on three pillars; Global Health Architecture, Sustainable Energy Transition and Digital Transformation through these pillars Indonesia will continue to take the lead on ensuring equitable access to Covid-19 vaccines, promoting sustainable and inclusive economic development through MSMEs participation and digital economy. The African Union’s (AU) Agenda 2063 “The Africa We Want” has defined a vision and action plan for the continent’s sustainable socio-economic transformation. Its first 10-year implementation strategy was adopted by the AU Summit in 2015. Africa also has a strong commitment to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that heads of state and government decided upon at the UN Summit in September 2015. The Agenda 2063 as well as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development should define the engagement between the G20 and Africa. At the G20 Hangzhou Summit in September 2016, G20-leaders adopted the G20 Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda reaffirming their commitment to align their work with the 2030 Agenda and to enhance policy coherence for sustainable development. Building on the achievements of the Chinese presidency, the German G20 presidency intended to foster G20 cooperation and partnership with Africa. From the Rwandan aspect it can be seen Rwanda harnessed the G20 Compact with Africa (CwA) initiative as a framework to accelerate and consolidate its economic transformation agenda in line with the country’s Vision 2050. The CwA will enable Rwanda to develop its infrastructure, grow the private sector, eradicate poverty, expand its middle class and increase inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). All the economic stakeholders are enthusiastic about the direction and potential of the CwA in Rwanda so far. Initial analysis shows a strong take-off in the country in the development of the macroeconomic, business and financial frameworks of the compact. The Rwandese case proves that a reform culture capital is an asset that surpasses the availability of natural resources. Yet despite its reform-centred leadership and its status as a reform-based role model, it is unlikely that Kigali would be able to influence the region, let alone the entire continent.
Keywords: Sustainable development, sustainable economic development, goals, G20
CITATION: Rwigema, P. C. (2023). G20 and African Union development: Building alliances for sustainable development. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 10 (1), 38 – 79.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adentwi, N.K. (2009) „Report on Study Tour of Special Economic Zones in Singapore, Malaysia and China.‟ 1-12 May. Washington, DC: World Bank.
AfDB (2007) „Skills Development: Key to Economic Growth.‟ Tunis: AfDB
AfDB (2010) „C-10 to Discuss Development Agenda for G20 Summit in Seoul.‟ Tunis: AfDB. AfDB and OECD (2001-2010) „African Economic Outlook.‟ www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/. AfDB and OECD (2008-2010) „Cape Verde Country Notes.‟www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/west-africa/cape-verde/.
Afrol News (2010) „Cape Verde Joins Struggle for Chinese Economic Zones.‟ 18 July. www.afrol.com/articles/26135.
Aiello, F. (2009) „Experiences with Traditional Compensatory Finance Schemes and Lessons from FLEX.‟ Department of Economics and Statistics Working Paper 12. Calabria: University of Calabria
Ancharaz, V. (2009) „David Versus Goliath: Mauritius Facing Up to China.‟ European Journal of Development Research 21(4): 622-643.
Anderson, K., Anderson, W., Martin, W. and van der Mensbrugghe, D. (2006) „Global Impacts of the Doha Scenarios on Poverty.‟ In Hertel, T. and Winters, A. (2006) Poverty and the WTO. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Aggarwal, A. (2007) „Impact of Special Economic Zones on Employment, Poverty and Human Development.‟ Working Paper 194. New Delhi: ICRIER.
AU Commission (2004) „Strategic Plan of the African Union Commission: Volume 1: Vision and Mission of the African Union.‟ Addis Ababa: AU Commission.
Barrell, R., Holland, D. and te Velde, D.W. (2009) „A Fiscal Stimulus to Address the Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Sub-Saharan Africa‟. NIESR/ODI report for One.
Bawumia, M. (2010) „Monetary Policy and Financial Sector Reform in Africa: Ghana‟s Experience.‟ BBC (2008a) „Mauritian Cyber Island Dream.‟
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/click_online/7169467.stm.
BBC (2008b) „China's Zambia Role Sours.‟ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/7355369.stm.
Besley, T. and Burgess, R. (2003) „Halving Global Poverty.‟ Journal of Economic Perspectives. 17(3): 3-22.
Bourguignon, F. (2003) The Growth Elasticity of Poverty Reduction: Explaining Heterogeneity Across Countries and Periods. Inequality and Growth: Theory and Policy Implications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bourguignon, F. and Morrisson, C. (2002) „Inequality Among World Citizens: 1820-1992.‟ American Economic Review 92(4): 727-744.
Brahmbhatt, M. and Canuto, O. (2010) „Natural Resources and Development Strategy after the Crisis.‟ Economic Premise Number 1. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Brambila-Macias, J. and Massa, I. (2010) „The Global Financial Crisis and Sub-Saharan Africa: The Effects of Slowing Private Capital Inflows on Growth.‟ African Development Review 22(3): 366-377.
Brautigam, D., Farole, T., and Tang, X. (2010) „China‟s Investment in African Special Economic Zones: Prospects, Challenges, and Opportunities.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank.
Business Monitor International (2009) „Questions Remain About Benefits of Chinese SEZ.‟ November.
Calderon, C. and Serven, L. (2008) „Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.‟ Policy Research Working Paper 4712. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Calì, M. and te Velde, D.W. (forthcoming) “Does Aid for Trade Really Improve Trade Performance?” World Development.
Channel News Asia (2009) „IE Singapore Promotes Business Opportunities in Africa.‟ 5 May. Chen, S. and Ravallion, M. (2001) „How Did the World‟s Poorest Fare in the 1990s?‟ Review of Income and Wealth 47(3): 283-300
Collier, P. (2007) The Bottom Billion: Why are the Poorest Countries Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collier, P. and Goderis, B. (2007) „Commodity Prices, Growth, and the Natural Resource Curse: Reconciling a Conundrum.’ Working Paper 2007-15. Oxford: CSAE.
Collier, P. and Gunning, J.W. (1999) „Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?‟ Journal of Economic Perspectives 13(3): 3-22.
Commission for Africa (2005) „Our Common Interest.‟ London: Commission for Africa.
Commission for Africa (2010) „Still Our Common Interest.‟ London: Commission for Africa.
Conway, G., Waage, J. and Delaney, S. (2010) Science and Innovation for Development. London: UKCDS.
Corrochano, G. (2009) „Key Messages from South–South Exchange on SEZs and Competitive Clusters.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank.
Daily Graphic (2009) „12 African Countries Learn from Asian Countries.‟ 5 May.
Davies, M. (1996) „China‟s Development Model Comes to Africa.‟ Review of African Political Economy 35(115): 7-22.
De Armas, E.B. and Sadni Jallab, M. (2002) „A Review of the Role and Impact of Export Processing Zones in World Trade: The Case of Mexico.‟ Paris: CNRS.
Deaton, A. (2003) „Measuring Poverty in a Growing World.‟ NBER Working Paper 9822 Cambridge, MA: NBER.
Deininger, K. and Okidi, J. (2004) „Growth and Poverty Reduction in Uganda, 1999–2000: Panel Data Evidence.‟ Development Policy Review 21(4): 481-509.
DFID (2004), Agriculture, growth and poverty reduction, paper produced by the Agriculture and Natural Resources Team of the UK Department for International Development (DFID)
Draper P. (2010) „Rethinking the (European) Foundations of African Economic Integration: A Political Economic Analysis.‟ Discussion Paper 293. Paris: OECD Development Centre.
Draper, P., Kalaba, M. and Alves, P. (2006) „South Africa‟s International Trade Diplomacy: Implications for Regional Integration.‟ In Bosl, A. et al. (eds.) (2006) Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa Yearbook. Vol. 6. Stellenbosch: Tralac.
Draper, P., Kiratu, S. and Samuel, C. (2010a) „The Role of South African FDI in Southern Africa.‟ Discussion Paper 8. Bonn: GTZ.
Draper, P., Disenyana, T. and Biacuana, G. (2010b) „Chinese Investment in African Network Industries: Case Studies from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Kenya.‟ In Cheru, F. and Obi, C. (2010) The Rise of China and India in Africa. London: Zed Books.
Dwinger, F. (2010) „Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Africa: China‟s Economic Development Model Comes to Mauritius.‟ Discussion Paper. CAI.
EC (2008) „Regional Integration for Development in ACP Countries.‟ COM (2008) 604 final/2, Brussels 6 October 2008. Brussels: EC.
EC (2010) „EU Development Policy in Support of Inclusive, Smart and Sustainable Growth.‟ Green Paper. Draft. Brussels: EC.
El-Gohari, A. and Sutherland, D. (2010) „China‟s SEZs in Africa: The Egyptian Case.‟ Global Economic Recovery: The Role of China CEA Conference. Oxford, 12-13 July.
Ellis, K. A. Lemma and J.P. Rud (2010), Financial inclusion, household investment and growth in Kenya and Tanzania, ODI project briefing 43.
Esfahani, H. and Ramirez, M.T. (1999) „Institutions, Infrastructure, and Economic Growth.‟ Journal of Development Economics 70(2): 443-477.
Estache, A. (2006) „Infrastructure: A Survey of Recent and Upcoming Issues.‟ Draft. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ezekwesili, O.E (2010) „Exploring the Final Frontier: One Continent and Many Markets.‟ Africa Singapore Business Forum. Singapore, 14 July.
Foster, V. (2008), Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic. Overhauling the Engine of Growth: Infrastructure in Africa.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank.
Foster, V. and Briceño-Garmendia, C. (2009) „Africa‟s Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank.
Fosu, A.-K. (2009) „Inequality and the Impact of Growth on Poverty: Comparative Evidence for Sub Saharan Africa.‟ Journal of Development Studies 45(5): 726-745
Gallup, J., Radelet, S. and Warner, A. (1997) „Economic Growth and the Income of the Poor.‟ CAER II Discussion Paper. Cambridge, MA: HIID.
Games, D. (2003) „The Experience of South African Firms Doing Business in Africa: A Preliminary Survey and Analysis.‟ Business in Africa Research Project Report 1. Johannesburg: SIIA.
Gilley, B. (2010) he End of the African Renaissance.‟ The Washington Quarterly 33(4): 87-101. Government of Republic of Zambia (2010) „Multi-Facility Economic Zones! What Are They?‟ Lusaka: Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry.
Graphic Business (2009) „Africa–Asia Exchange on Economic Zones and Competitive Clusters.‟ 21 May.
Grevi, G. (2010)„ he G20: Panacea or Window-Dressing?‟ Policy Brief. Madrid: FRIDE. Grobbelaar, N. (2004a). “Can South African Business Drive Regional Integration on the Continent?” South African Journal of International Affairs 11(2): 91-106.
Grobbelaar, N. (2004b) „Every Continent Needs an America: The Experience of South African Firms Doing Business in Mozambique.‟ Business in Africa Report 2. Johannesburg: SAIIA.
Gross, D.M. (2002) „Financial intermediation: A Contributing factor to Economic Growth and Employment.‟ Social Finance Working Paper 27. Geneva: ILO.
ILO (2003) „Employment and Social Policy in Respect of Export Processing Zones (EPZs).‟ Committee on Employment and Social Policy Governing Body. Geneva: ILO.
ILO (2008), Skills for Improved Productivity, Employment Growth and Development.‟ Report V. International Labour Conference 97th Session. Geneva, 28 May-13 June.
IMF (2010)‟ African Regional Economic Outlook 2010.‟ Washington, DC: IMF.
IMF and World Bank (2006) „Doha Development Agenda and Aid for Trade.‟ Submitted to the Development Committee of the IMF and World Bank.
Jintao, H. (2006), Opening Ceremony Address.‟ Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. 4 November.
Johansson, H. and Nilsson, L. (1997) „Export Processing Zones as Catalysts.‟ World Development. 25(12): 2115-2128.
Kalwij, A. and Verschoor, A. (2007) „Not by Growth Alone: The Role of the Distribution of Income in Regional Diversity in Poverty Reduction.‟ European Economic Review 51(4): 805-829.
Keane, J., Kennan, J. and M. Cali (2010), Study on impediments to intra-regional trade in sub- Saharan Africa, study for the Commonwealth Secretariat.
King, K. and Palmer, R. (2008) „Skills for Work, Growth and Poverty Reduction: Challenges and Opportunities in the Global Analysis and Monitoring of Skills.‟ London: UK National Commission for UNESCO and British Council.
Kingombe. C. (2010) „An Enquiry into the Causes and Nature of the Transmission Mechanisms between Labour-Based Rural Roads, Sustainable Growth, and Agricultural Trade in Zambia‟s Eastern Province.‟ PhD thesis. Imperial College, University of London.
Kirk, R. (2009), owards a New US-African Partnership on Trade and Development.‟ Press Release. Washington, DC: USTR.
Kraay, A. (2006) , When Is Growth Pro-Poor? Evidence from a Panel of Countries.‟ Journal of Development Economics 80(1): 198-227.
Kumar, J. (2010), Development Agenda for the G20.‟ Policy Brief. Madrid: FRIDE.
Lederman, D. and Maloney, W.F. (eds.) (2007) Natural Resources: Neither Curse nor Destiny. Washington, DC and Stanford, CA: World Bank and Stanford University Press.
Lee, E. and Vivarelli, M. (2004) Understanding Globalization, Employment and Poverty Reduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leke A., Lund S., Roxburgh C. and van Wamelen, R. (2010) “Whats Driving Africa’s Growth?” McKinsey Quarterly, June.
Levine, R. and Renelt, D. (1992). “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions.” American Economic Review 82(4): 942-963.
Li, X. (2009) „Case Study on China‟s Special Economic Zones.‟ Beijing: Institute of Economic and Resources Management, Beijing Normal University.
Limao, N. and Venables, A.J. (1999) „Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, and Transport Costs.’ Policy Research Working Paper 2257. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Lichaba, L. and Lepati, P. (2009) „Lesotho Country Report.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank
Lopez, H. and Serven, L. (2009) „Too Poor to Grow.‟ Policy Research Working Paper 5012. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Lusaka Times (2008) „Zambia: Chambishi Economic Zone to Attract $800 Million in Investment.‟ 30 May.
Madani, D. (1999) „A Review of the Role and Impact of Export Processing Zones.‟ Policy Research Working Paper 2238. Washington, DC: World Bank.
McGregor‟s (2004) „Africa Inc: Who Owns Whom Database of South African Business in Africa.‟ www.whoownswhom.co.za.
Meyn, M. and te Velde, D.W. (2008) „Regional Integration in African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries. A Review of the Literature.‟ Report for the EC‟s DG Development.
Moore, M. and A. Schneider (2004), Taxation, governance and poverty: where do the Middle Income Countries fit?, IDS Working Paper 230.
Moyo, D. (2009) Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How there is a Better Way for Africa. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux.
Murinde, V. (2009) „Global Financial Crisis: Implications for Africa‟s Financial System.‟ Birmingham: Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham.
Murphy, K., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1989) „Industrialization and the Big Push.‟ Journal of Political Economy 97(5): 1003-1002.
Murray, M. (2010) „A Survey of Special Economic Zones.‟ Iowa City, IO: Center for International Finance and Development, University of Iowa.
Narrainen, N.L. (2009) „Mauritius Country Report.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ngone, A. (2008) „China‟s Cooperation and Engagement with Africa: A COMESA Perspective.‟ Experience-Sharing Program on Development Between China and Africa, 22 May.
North, D. (2005) „Understanding the Process of Economic Change.‟ Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
OAU (1991) „Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community.‟ Abuja, 3 June.
OECD (2010) „Supporting Developing Countries to Enhance Human Resource Development. What Opportunities for the G20?‟ Issue Paper submitted to the G20 High-Level Development Conference. Seoul, 13 October.Omar, K., and W. A. Stoever (2008), The role of technology and human capital in the EPZ life-cycle, Transnational corporations, see http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteiit20081a6_en.pdf
Petersen, L. (2006) „South Africa‟s Bilateral Investment Treaties: Implications for Development and Human Rights.‟ Occasional Paper 26. New York: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Pillay, D. (2004) „African Social Observatory Synthesis Report.‟ in Human Sciences
Research Council (2004) Stability, Poverty Reduction and South African Trade and Investment in Southern Africa Conference Report. Pretoria: SARPN.
Public Agenda (2009) „Africa–Asia Exchange on Special Economic Zones and Competitive Clusters.‟ 20 May.
Quah, D. (1996) „Twin Peaks: Growth and Convergence in Models of Distribution Dynamics.‟Economic Journal 106(437): 1045-1055.
Radwan, I., Akindeinde, A., Nwagboso, C., Sandall, R. and Ugochukwu, C. (2010) „Youth Employment in Africa: Harnessing the Power of the Private Sector to Create Sustainable Work Opportunities for Africa‟s Youth.‟ Washington, DC: AFTFP, World Bank.
Ravallion, M. (2004) „Pro-Poor Growth: A Primer.‟ Policy Research Working Paper 3242.Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ravallion, M. (2009) „The Crisis and the World‟s Poorest.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank.
Rolfe, R.J., Woodward, D.P. and Kagira, B. (2004) „Footloose and Tax Free: Incentive Preferences in Kenyan Export Processing Zones.‟ South African Journal of Economics 72(4): 784-807.
Rotberg, R.I. (ed.) (2008) „China into Africa. Trade, Aid and Influence.‟ Cambridge, MA. World Peace Foundation.
Roxburgh, C. et al. (2010) „Lions on the Move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies.‟ McKinsey Global Institute report.
Rumney, Reg and Pingo M, (2004) „Mapping South Africa‟s Trade and Investment in the Region.‟ Stability, Poverty Reduction and South African Trade and Investment in Southern Africa Conference. Pretoria, 29-30 March.
Sachs, J.D., McArthur, J.W., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kruk, M., Bahadur, C., Faye, M. and. McCord, G. (2004) „Ending Africa's Poverty Trap.‟ Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2004(1):117- 240:
Sachs, J. et al. (2005) Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. UN Millennium Project. New York: Earthscan.
Salter, G. (2009) „Price Power: China‟s Role in the Telecommunications Sector of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.‟ China-Africa Report 6. Johannesburg: SAIIA
Santarelli, E. and Figini, P. (2004) „Does Globalization Reduce Poverty? Some Empirical Evidence for the Developing Countries.‟ In Lee, E. and Vivarelli, M. (2004) Understanding Globalization, Employment and Poverty Reduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sauvant, K.P., McAllister, G. and Maschek, W.A. (2010) Foreign Direct Investments from Emerging Markets: The Challenges Ahead. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Singapore Online (2009) „Study Visit Exposes African Countries to Singapore‟s Development Experience.‟ 9 May.
Singa Boyenge, J.P. (2007) „ILO Database on Export Processing Zones (Revised).‟ www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/themes/epz/epz-db.pdf.
Sohlman, S. (2009) .Kinas Relationer med Afrika ur ett Handelsperspektiv. Stockholm: Kommerskollegium (Swedish National Board of Trade).
Spieza, V. (2004) „Trade, FDI and Employment: Some Empirical Evidence.‟ In Lee, E. and Vivarelli,
M. (2004) Understanding Globalization, Employment and Poverty Reduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Stern, N. et al. (2006) Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. London: HM Treasury.
Su, D. and Zhong, R. (2009) „The Three Historic Contributions of Special Economic Zones in China.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank.
Te Velde, D.W. (2004) (ed.) Foreign Direct Investment, Inequality and Poverty: Experiences and Policy Implications. London: ODI.
Te Velde, D.W (2005) „Globalisation and Education.‟ Working Paper. London: ODI.
Te Velde, D.W (ed.) (2010a) „Effective State-Business Relations, Industrial Policy and Economic Growth.‟ London: ODI and IPPG.
Te Velde, D.W. (2010b) (ed.) „The G20 Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth: The Role for Low Income and Small and Vulnerable Economies. London: ODI.
Te Velde, D.W. and Bezemer, D. (2006) „Regional Integration and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries.‟ Transnational Corporations 15(2): 41-70.
Te Velde, D.W. and Morrissey, O. (2002) „Foreign Direct Investment: Who Gains?‟ Briefing Paper. London: ODI.
Te Velde, D.W. et al. (2010) „The Global Financial Crisis and Developing Countries: Synthesis of the Findings of 10 Country Case Studies.‟ Working Paper 306. London: ODI.
The Economist Magazine (2010) „Schumpeter: Uncaging the Lions: Business is Transforming Africa for the Better.‟ The Economist Magazine, 10 June.
The Investor (2009) „Africans and Asians Meet on Knowledge Tour.‟ 20 May. The Straits Times (2009) „S'pore Firms Show Keen Interest in Africa.‟ 6 May.
Toye, J., 2000, „Fiscal crisis and fiscal reform in developing countries‟, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol 24 No 1: 21–44.
Tussie, D. and Aggio, C. (2005) „Economic and Social Impacts of Trade Liberalization.‟ In Fernandez de Cordoba, S. and Laird, S. (2005) (eds.) Coping with Trade Reforms: A Developing-Country Perspective on the WTO Industrial Tariff Negotiations. Geneva: UNCTAD.
UN (2006) „Overcoming Economic Vulnerability and Creating Employment.‟ Report of the Committee for Development Policy on the Eighth Session, 20-24 March 2006.
UNCTAD (2000) „Capital Flows and Growth in Africa. Economic Development in Africa.‟ Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2002) World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness. Geneva: UNCTAD
UNCTAD (2004) „FDI in Services – A Growing Business for EPZs.‟ Investment Brief 2. Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2005) „Rethinking the Role of Foreign Direct Investment. Economic Development in Africa.‟ Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2007) „Economic Development in Africa. Reclaiming Policy Space. Domestic Resource Mobilization and Developmental States.‟ Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2009) „Economic Development in Africa Report: Strengthening Regional Economic Integration for Africa‟s Development.‟ Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2010a) „Economic Development in Africa Report 2010. South-South Cooperation: Africa and the New Forms of Development Partnerships.‟ Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2010b) World Investment Report. Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy. Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2010c) Transport Newsletter 45. First Quarter 2010. Geneva: The Trade Logistics Branch Team, UNCTAD.
UNCTAD (2010d) „Investment Policy Review. Sierra Leone.‟ Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNESCO-UNEVOC (2006) „Participation in Formal Technical and Vocational Education and Training Programmes Worldwide. An Initial Statistical Study.‟ Bonn: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2006) „Building Skills for Poverty Reduction.‟ UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/jule06.pdf .
Vandemoortele, M. (2010) „Does Equity Reinforce Macroeconomic Resilience?‟ PEGNet
Conference on Policies to Foster and Sustain Equitable Development in Times of Crisis.
Winters, L.A., Lim, W.. Hanmer, L. and Augustin, S. (2010) ‘Economic Growth in Low Income Countries: How the G20 Can Help to Raise and Sustain It.‟ ED-WPS No. 8-2010.
Woods, N. (2009) „What Africa Needs from the G20.‟ GEG Blog. 2 February. www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/blog/2009/02/what-africa-needs-from-the-g20/.
World Bank (2007) „Uganda Country Economic Memorandum, 2007‟. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (2008) World Development Report 2008. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (2009) „Africa–East Asia Experience Exchange on Special Economic Zones & Competitive Clusters.‟ May 1-12.
World Bank (2010a) „Africa‟s Infrastructure. A Time for Transformation.‟ Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (2010b) „Youth Employment in Africa: Harnessing the Power of the Private Sector to Create Sustainable Work Opportunities for Africa‟s Youth.‟ African Journal of Political Science and International Relations.
Yansheng, Z. (2009) „China‟s SEZs and Cluster Development Government Strategies and Policies.‟ Africa–East Asia Experience Exchange on Special Economic Zones and Competitive Clusters. Singapore, 1-12, May.
Yeung, Y.-M. et al. (2009) „China‟s Special Economic Zones at 30.‟ Eurasian Geography & Economics 50(2): 222-240.
Resources for more information about cluster development and SEZs
IFC SEZ Deep Dive
GDLN on Cluster Development and SEZs: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/WBIPROGRAMS/ICLP/0,,contentMDK:220248
~pagePK:64156158~piPK:64152884~theSitePK:461150,00.html
North Africa
Algeria: www.mppi.dz/privatisation.asp www.andi.dz
Egypt: www.ahram.org.eg/hebdo/arab/ahram/2001/3/21/doss0.htm www.gafi.gov.eg/
Morocco: www.mcinet.gov.ma/mciweb/zonesindustrielles/rehabilitation.htm www.ccist.gov.ma
Tunisia: www.investintunisia.tn www.industrie.gov.tn
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cape Verde: www.virtualcapeverde.net/capeverdeusaembassy/InvestmentInvestinCapeVerde.ppt
Cameroon: www.izf.net/izf/ee/pro/index_frameset.asp?url=http://www.izf.net/IZF/EE/pro/ cameroun/6082.asp
Côte d'Ivoire: www.icongrouponline.com/browse/EntrySS/0741825309.html
Gabon: www.otal.com/walnabr03f.htm
Ghana: www.gfzb.com/ www.ghana.gov.gh/investing/free_zones.php
Kenya: www.epzakenya.com/default.asp
Lesotho: www.lndc.org.ls
Malawi: www.malawi-invest.net/index.htm
Mali: www.cnpi-mali.org/index.html www.ametrade.org
Mozambique: www.refer.org/miroirs/mrice_ct/cop/moumoz/inves.htm
Namibia: www.republicofnamibia.com/export.htm www.globalpolicynetwork.org/research/namibia/jauch.pdf
Nigeria: www.nipc-nigeria.org http://www.nepza.org
Senegal: www.izf.net/izf/ee/pro/indexframeset.asp?url=http://www.izf.net/izf/EE/pro/senegal/6082.asp
South Africa: www.coega.co.za/
Rwanda:https://rdb.rw/departments/sez-and-exports/#:~:text=Rwanda's%20SEZ%20program %20is%20designed,bureaucracy%20and%20availability%20of%20skills.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v10i1.2527
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
PAST ISSUES:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.